SUMMARY
The identity of higher-order neurons and circuits playing an associative role to control feeding is unknown. We injected pseudorabies virus, a retrograde tracer, into masseter muscle, salivary gland and tongue of BAC-transgenic mice expressing GFP in specific neural populations and identified several CNS regions that project multi-synaptically to the periphery. MCH and orexin neurons were identified in the lateral hypothalamus, and Nurr1 and Cnr1 in the amygdala and insular/rhinal cortices. Cholera Toxin-β tracing showed that insular Nurr1+ and Cnr1+ neurons project to the amygdala or lateral hypothalamus, respectively. Finally we show that cortical Cnr1+ neurons show increased Cnr1 mRNA and c-Fos expression after fasting, consistent with a possible role for Cnr1+ neurons in feeding. Overall, these studies define a general approach for identifying specific molecular markers for neurons in complex neural circuits. These markers now provide a means for functional studies of relevant neurons in feeding or other complex behaviors.
SpyGlass® demonstrated acceptable technical and clinical success rates in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In particular, it allows for an accurate rate of diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures.
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