The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity was studied in a cross-sectional population of about 1000 men and 1000 women ages 35 to 69. A detailed 24-hr diet recall interview was administered by trained interviewers. Frequency of eating--eight categories--was determined by computer program using reported actual eating times and food consumed. The adiposity variable was an index using two skinfold measurements, height and weight. An analysis of covariance removing the effect of caloric intake showed that frequency of eating was related inversely to the adiposity index for men and women separately with statistical significance at the 1% level.
To provide a contemporary profile of blood pressure and nutritional and sociodemographic relationships in the adult US population, data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES -I), 1971-1975, were analyzed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with increasing age, but trends were different by sex and race groups. Body mass index (weight/ height2 ) was the nutritional factor most strongly and consistently related to blood pressure. Among dietary constituents, alcohol consumption and calcium and phosphorus intake were the only variables having consistent and independent relationships to blood pressure. Sodium content of food and salt use had no relationship, and sodium/potassium food content had only an inconsistent association. Regarding serum nutritional measures, serum calcium was directly related and serum phosphorus was inversely related to blood pressure. Serum urate, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also independently related to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. There were few important differences by race or sex in these correlates. These observations from a representative sample of the US population have useful implications for prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.
As shown in 744 adult men and women aged 30-49 at entry and followed for 21.4 ± 0.9 years there is continuing subperiosteal expansion in both sexes as well as continuing and increasing endosteal surface resorption. In this longitudinal study, bone loss (as shown by medullary cavity expansion) begins by the 5th decade and increases thereafter. The smaller gains at the outer bone surface are essentially independent of the larger losses at the inner (endosteal) surface and neither functionally nor causally related. Though bone loss and net bone loss is nearly as great in men as in women, absolutely speaking, two-decade bone loss constitutes a larger percentage of the initially smaller bone mass in the female. In both sexes subperiosteal apposition (delta TA) and endosteal resorption (delta MA) are bone-size dependent though in diametrically opposite directions. These trends in two-decade bone change are not affected by smoking behavior, alcoholic beverage usage, antihypertensive usage, or early menopausal age. Similarly, the long-term bone changes prove to be independent of energy and mineral intakes and to long-term changes in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intake. Though dietary intakes do not predict long-term bone changes, the amount of tissue bone present at entry is highly correlated (> 0.93) with tissue bone 21.4 years later in men and women alike. Accordingly, only a small amount of intraindividual cortical variance in the later years still remains to be explained by life-style, dietary, medication, and error variables.
In the 1984-1985 University of Michigan Food Frequency Study, 228 black and white men and women ages 24-51 years completed 16 days of food records over the course of a year and then completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The relative validity of macronutrient (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) estimates from the questionnaire was evaluated with the records used as a standard. The two methods differed both in estimated group mean intake and in the relative ranking of individuals. Partitioning of between-method disagreement showed that frequency differences were the main source of poor agreement in relative ranking; serving size differences contributed mainly to disagreement in group mean intake; and differences in nutrient composition had only minor effects. After adjusting for total calorie intake, agreement in group mean intake improved. Agreement in relative ranking and classification also improved, but substantial disagreement remained. The strategy of adjusting for total calorie intake depends on the assumption that macronutrients are reported in similar proportions on both instruments. This assumption did not appear to hold true. Respondents showed considerable variability in the proportionality of reporting, with 46% of respondents reporting fat intake disproportionately. A summary index of proportionality is described and the relation between disproportionate reporting and misclassification is discussed. Disproportionate reporting of macronutrients limits the ability of food frequency questionnaires to rank individuals similarly to a reference method even if estimates are adjusted for total calorie intake.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.