A series of copper(I) complexes bearing a cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbene (CAArC) ligand with various complex geometries have been investigated in great detail with regard to their structural, electronic, and photophysical properties. Comparison of [CuX(CAArC)] (X = Br (1), Cbz (2), acac (3), Ph2acac (4), Cp (5), and Cp* (6)) with known CuI complexes bearing cyclic (amino)(alkyl), monoamido, or diamido carbenes (CAAC, MAC, or DAC, respectively) as chromophore ligands reveals that the expanded π-system of the CAArC leads to relatively low energy absorption maxima between 350 and 550 nm in THF with high absorption coefficients of 5–15 × 103 M–1 cm–1 for 1–6. Furthermore, 1–5 show intense deep red to near-IR emission involving their triplet excited states in the solid state and in PMMA films with λem max = 621–784 nm. Linear [Cu(Cbz)(DippCAArC)] (2) has been found to be an exceptional deep red (λmax = 621 nm, ϕ = 0.32, τav = 366 ns) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter with a radiative rate constant k r of ca. 9 × 105 s–1, exceeding those of commercially employed IrIII- or PtII-based emitters. Time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence upconversion experiments complemented by quantum chemical calculations employing Kohn–Sham density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction methods as well as temperature-dependent steady-state and time-resolved luminescence studies provide a detailed picture of the excited-state dynamics of 2. To demonstrate the potential applicability of this new class of low-energy emitters in future photonic applications, such as nonclassical light sources for quantum communication or quantum cryptography, we have successfully conducted single-molecule photon-correlation experiments of 2, showing distinct antibunching as required for single-photon emitters.
We report herein the catalytic triboration of terminal alkynes with B2pin2 (bis(pinacolato)diboron) using readily available Cu(OAc)2 and PnBu3. Various 1,1,2‐triborylalkenes, a class of compounds that have been demonstrated to be potential matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐2) inhibitors, were obtained directly in moderate to good yields. The process features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. This copper‐catalyzed reaction can be conducted on a gram scale to produce the corresponding 1,1,2‐triborylalkenes in modest yields. The utility of these products was demonstrated by further transformations of the C−B bonds to prepare gem‐dihaloborylalkenes (F, Cl, Br), monohaloborylalkenes (Cl, Br), and trans‐diaryldiborylalkenes, which serve as important synthons and have previously been challenging to prepare.
C−C reductive elimination from [PdL 2 (C 6 F 5 ) 2 ] to form polyfluorinated biaryls has been a challenge for over 50 years. Thus, palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of arylboronates (Ar F − Bpin) containing two ortho-fluorine substituents is very difficult, as the reaction typically stops at the [PdL 2 (Ar F ) 2 ] stage after two transmetalation steps. The transmetalated complexes cis-[Pd-and cis-[Pd(MeCN) 2 (2,6-C 6 F 2 H 3 ) 2 ] (3e) have been isolated from the reaction of Ar F −Bpin with Pd(OAc) 2 in acetonitrile solvent, with no homocoupling observed. However, catalytic homocoupling proceeds smoothly in a "weakly coordinating" arene solvent as long as no ancillary ligands or coordinating solvents are present. DFT computations reveal that the active catalyst formed by arene solvent coordination leads to an overall reduced barrier for the reductive elimination step compared to the formation of stable [PdL 2 (Ar F ) 2 ] complexes in the presence of a donor ligand or solvent L.
The synthesis and characterization of 10‐(dimesitylboryl)‐N,N‐di‐p‐tolylbenzo[c]phenanthren‐4‐amine (3‐B(Mes)2‐[4]helix‐9‐N(p‐Tol)2 1) and 13‐(dimesitylboryl)‐N,N‐di‐p‐tolyldibenzo[c,g]phenanthren‐8‐amine (3‐B(Mes)2‐[5]helix‐12‐N(p‐Tol)2 2) are reported herein. Their electrochemical and photophysical properties have been studied experimentally and theoretically. The donor and acceptor‐substituted helicene derivatives exhibit moderate fluorescence quantum yields in THF (Φf=0.48 and 0.61 for 1 and 2, respectively), which are higher than unsubstituted ones (Φf=0.18 for [4]helicene; Φf<0.05 for [n]helicenes (n≥5)). In the solid state, the Φf values are higher (Φf=1.00 and 0.55 for 1 and 2, respectively) than those in solution, most likely due to the restrictions of molecular motions. The S1←S0 transitions of 1 and 2 are predominately HOMO→LUMO transitions. Upon excitation with UV light, the interplanar angle between the two terminal aryl rings of the [5]helix core of 2 decreases (S1 state compared with S0 state), which is similar to placing a spring under an external force.
Molecular near-IR (NIR) triplet-state emitters are of importance for the development of new, organic-electronics-based telecommunication technologies as optical fibers operating in the corresponding spectral bands allow for data transfer over much longer distances due to the significantly lower attenuation. However, achieving such low-energy triplet excited states with good radiative rate constants is very challenging, and studies regarding the single-photon emission of organometallics in this energy range are scarce. We have prepared a series of trigonal CuI CAAC complexes bearing chelating ligands with O, N, S, and Se donor atoms and studied their photophysical properties in this context. The compounds show weak low-energy absorption in solution between 400 and 500 nm due to mixed Cu → CAAC 1MLCT/LLCT states, resulting in yellow-green to orange appearance, which we have also correlated to the 15N NMR resonances of the π-accepting carbene ligand. In the solid state, phosphorescence from dominant 3(Cu → CAAC) CT states is observed at room temperature. The emission of the complexes is bathochromically shifted in comparison to structurally related linearly coordinated copper(I) CAAC complexes due to structural reorganization in the excited state to a T-shape. For [Cu(dbm)(CAACMe)], the broad phosphorescence with outstanding λmax = 760 nm tailors out to ca. 1100 nm and leads to its proof-of-concept application as a nonclassical single-photon light source, constituting key functional units for the implementation of tap-proof data transfer.
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