Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the situation where a fetus does not grow according to its genetic growth potential. One of the main causes of IUGR is uteroplacental vascular insufficiency. Under these circumstances of chronic oxygen and nutrient deprivation, the growth-restricted fetus often displays typical circulatory changes, which in part represent adaptations to the suboptimal intrauterine environment. These fetal adaptations aim to preserve oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs such as the brain, the heart, and the adrenals. These prenatal circulatory adaptations are thought to lead to an altered development of the cardiovascular system and "program" the fetus for life long cardiovascular morbidities. In this review, we discuss the alterations to cardiovascular structure, function, and control that have been observed in growth-restricted fetuses, neonates, and infants following uteroplacental vascular insufficiency. We also discuss the current knowledge on early life surveillance and interventions to prevent progression into chronic disease. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the situation where a fetus does not grow according to its genetic growth potential. The main cause of IUGR in developed countries is uteroplacental vascular insufficiency (1), which drives the fetus to redistribute its cardiac output to preserve oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain, heart, and adrenals. Although these adaptive circulatory changes are beneficial during intrauterine life, they are thought to cause dysfunctional development of the cardiovascular system and "program" the fetus for life long cardiovascular morbidities (2). This is also known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, which postulates that insults during intrauterine and early postnatal development can permanently change the body's structure, function, and metabolism and influence susceptibility to adult noncommunicable diseases (2). Despite their increased risk of cardiovascular disease, infants born growth restricted usually do not receive long-term cardiovascular follow-up. Depending on the definition used, IUGR can occur in up to 10% of pregnancies, and as cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death worldwide (3), early identification of cardiovascular risk factors and targeted interventions in this high-risk population are of major clinical importance. In this review, we discuss the alterations of cardiovascular structure, function, and control that have been observed in infants born growth restricted and their implications for surveillance and intervention to prevent progression into chronic disease. CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFYING IUGRThe current literature uses many different definitions of IUGR, which may explain some of the contradicting findings discussed in this review. Traditionally, and most commonly, IUGR is defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age on the normative population growth curve (4). This definition, however, merely describes those who ...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a complex global healthcare issue. Concerted research and clinical efforts have improved our knowledge of the neurodevelopmental sequelae of IUGR which has raised the profile of this complex problem. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of therapies to prevent the substantial rates of fetal demise or the constellation of permanent neurological deficits that arise from IUGR. The purpose of this article is to highlight the clinical and translational gaps in our knowledge that hamper our collective efforts to improve the neurological sequelae of IUGR. Also, we draw attention to cutting-edge tools and techniques that can provide novel insights into this disorder, and technologies that offer the potential for better drug design and delivery. We cover topics including: how we can improve our use of crib-side monitoring options, what we still need to know about inflammation in IUGR, the necessity for more human post-mortem studies, lessons from improved integrated histology-imaging analyses regarding the cell-specific nature of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals, options to improve risk stratification with genomic analysis, and treatments mediated by nanoparticle delivery which are designed to modify specific cell functions.