Objectives Amblyopia is a decrease of visual acuity that cannot be attributed to any structural abnormality of the eye or visual system, causing a partial or complete loss of vision due to inadequate stimulation in early life. Citicoline has been reported to improve visual acuity in amblyopic eyes as adjuvant treatment. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in ophthalmology daily practices. Methods This was a retrospective–descriptive study with a time limited sampling method. This study was conducted at Surabaya Eye Clinic, East Java, Indonesia, by reviewing medical records for the period of January 2018 to December 2019. Results A total of 34 eyes were included in the study with the majority aged five years (41.2%) and six years (35.3%). The severity of amblyopia varied among patients, 21 eyes (61.76%) had mild amblyopia, seven eyes (20.59%) had moderate amblyopia, and two eyes (5.88%) had severe amblyopia. The duration of given therapy also varied, 18 eyes (52.94%) were given 3 months therapy, two eyes were given 4 months therapy, 12 eyes were given 6 months therapy, and two eyes were given 8 months therapy. Citicoline was found effective in mild and moderate amblyopia and for the duration of 3 and 6 months (p<0.05). In others group who did not showed statistically significant improvement was due to inadequate samples but clinically significant improvement was noted. Conclusions Citicoline therapy resulted in a clinically and statistically improvement in refractive amblyopia patients.
Pada era globalisasi, banyak orang bepergian dengan berbagai keperluan, terutama perjalanan liburan. Peningkatan jumlah perjalanan memicu banyaknya orang yang bepergian terkena penyakit selama atau setelah melakukan perjalanan. Hal ini disebabkan orang-orang tersebut kurang memiliki pengetahuan tentang pre-travel health preparation. Untuk mengetahui tingkat kesiapan masyarakat terkait kesehatan sebelum bepergian, dilakukan survei di Terminal Bus Bungurasih, Sidoarjo pada bulan September 2019. Penelitian ini didesain secara cross-sectional dengan 150 responden. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara accidental sampling dengan instrumen kuesioner. Dari data survei, diperoleh hasil sebesar 56,7% responden melakukan pencarian informasi terkait tempat tujuan dimana jumlah laki-laki (n=49) lebih banyak daripada perempuan (n=36). Jenis informasi yang dicari responden terkait tempat tujuan paling banyak adalah perihal transportasi (47,3%). Responden yang tidak mencari informasi mengenai tujuan perjalanan (38,7%) umumnya merasa sudah memiliki persiapan yang cukup. Obat pribadi yang paling banyak dibawa pada saat perjalanan adalah minyak kayu putih (n=39) dan sebanyak 46 dari 69 responden mengalami gangguan kesehatan selama perjalanan berupa pusing. Dari hasil survei dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbekalan selama perjalanan terkait dengan obat-obatan tiap individu berbeda tergantung dari tujuan perjalanan. Selain itu, beberapa wisatawan membutuhkan waktu persiapan lebih lama tergantung dari jarak dan tujuan perjalanan.
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