Aim: The limnological characteristics of three different inlets water of the constructed wetland were compared in terms of concentration data and loading rate data and evaluated the removal efficiencies of nutrients, solids, BOD 5 , chlorophyll-a and thermotolerant coliforms (TC) by the treatment system; Methods: The constructed wetland, measuring 82.8 m 2 and with detention time of 1 hour and 58 minutes in the rainy season and 2 hours and 42 minutes in the dry one, was provided with four species, Cyperus giganteus Vahl, Typha domingensis Pers., Pontederia cordata L. e Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. The sampling sites evaluated in the dry (D) and rainy (R) seasons were: inlet water from aquaculture farm = IA; inlet channel of rainwater runoff = IR; inlet from UASB wastewater = IB; outlet wetland = OUT. The conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, BOD 5 , total soluble and dissolved solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and TC were analyzed. Multivariate analyses, such as Cluster and Principal Components Analysis (PCA), were carried out to group sampling sites with similar limnological characteristics; Results: In the PCA with the concentration data was retained 90.52% variability of data, correlating the inlet IB with high concentrations of conductivity, alkalinity, pH, TC, nutrients and solids. Regarding loading rate data, the PCA was retained 80.9% of the data's total variability and correlated the sampling sites IA D, IA R and OUT R with higher BOD 5 , chlorophyll-a, TDS, nitrate, nitrite, total-P, temperature, oxygen and water flow. The highest removal efficiencies rates occurred in the dry season, mainly in concentration, with 78% of ammonia, 95.5% of SRP, 94.9% of TSS and 99.9% of TC; Conclusions: The wetland was highly efficacious in the removal of nutrients, solids, BOD 5 , chlorophyll-a and TC, mainly during the dry season. The system restructuring to increase the detention time during the rainy season and a pre-treatment of UASB wastewater, can increase the retention of nutrients and solids by wetland.
The performance of free water surface flow constructed wetlands (CW) may be impaired by abiotic factors. The effects of seasons on the water quality improvement and on the community of plankton were evaluated in a CW system with the macrophytes Cyperus giganteus Vahl, Typha domingensis Pers., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Pontederia cordata L. Water, plankton and macrophytes were sampled in the inflow and outflow during the dry and rainy seasons. Differences in temperature, precipitation, hydraulic loading rate (HLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), inlet mass loadings and plant biomass between seasons affected the treatment efficiency. High precipitation and the consequent increase in HLR along with an increase in temperature and lower macrophyte biomass, were correlated to lower rates of removal efficiency during the rainy season. The season with higher macrophytes abundance coincided with high retention of zooplankton and solids. Higher nutrient levels in the dry season corresponded with a dominance and abundance of rstrategist planktonic species. To increase the removal efficiency of nutrients and organic matter by CW systems, care should be taken to decrease the HLR especially in periods of high precipitation.
Environmental pressure, land utilization, and economic feasibility have resulted in the development of alternatives to treatment fish farm wastewater. We examined the influence of two water treatment systems-a constructed wetland (CW) and a soil filter system (SF)-on the constitution of the phytoplankton community analyzed through the functional grouping of species and nutrients removal of aquaculture farm. The CW provided high removal efficiency: 82.9% for ammonia, 87.0% for nitrate, 96.9% for nitrite, 85.5% for total phosphorus, 88.5% for SRP and 71.6% for BOD. Removal efficiency of SF was lower than CW, removing 82.1% of ammonia, 7.2% of total phosphorus, 45.9% of SRP and 39.4% of nitrite, but was satisfactory. The functional group F, made up of Chlorophyceae Dictyosphaerium pulchellum and Kirchneriella lunaris, was the most representative in both systems, followed by functional group P and constituted by Zygnemaphyceae Melosira sp. The number of functional groups decreased in the outlet of the two treatment systems, where S1, H1 and W1, characteristic of eutrophic environment, were retained. Data show that CW and the SF system are potentially applicable to the fish farm wastewater treatment and ensure an improvement in water quality.
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