RESUMOA administração transdérmica de ativos terapêuticos oferece muitas vantagens sobre outras vias de administração, dentre as quais destacam-se o potencial de eficácia superior e efeitos colaterais mínimos. No entanto, o sistema tegumentar é caracterizado como barreira praticamente impermeável. Neste sentido, pesquisas tem se voltado a buscar recursos que visam ampliar a permeação de substâncias sobre a pele, como a fonoforese. Esta técnica baseia-se na associação de medicamento ou cosmético ao ultrassom terapêutico. Entre os princípios farmacologicamente ativos com potencial de associação à técnica de fonoforese destaca-se o ácido kójico, que é amplamente utilizado na Biomedicina Estética, principalmente por sua ação antioxidante e hipopigmentante. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a liberação e permeação do gel contendo ácido kójico 10% frente à aplicação de fonoforese in vitro. O estudo de liberação e permeação do ácido kójico foi realizado a partir de uma célula de difusão vertical tipo Franz, com membrana de acetato de celulose e biomembrana de pele suína. Foram realizadas análises com e sem aplicação de ultrassom terapêutico, e os resultados mostraram que a técnica de fonoforese amplia em 19% a liberação do ácido kójico para o meio receptor, bem como, em 50% a retenção do ativo no estrato córneo e em 121% a sua permeação em 20 minutos de aplicação.Palavras chave: Ultrassom; Ácido kójico; Permeação. ABSTRACTEffect of ultrasound therapeutic in the release, permeation and retention of Acid Kojic in broadcasting system vertical. Transdermal therapeutic active offers many advantages over other routes of administration, among these we highlight a potential higher efficacy and minimal side effects. However, the integumentary system is characterized as a substantially impermeable barrier. In this sense, research has turned to look for features that aim to enhance the permeation of substances on the skin, such as phonophoresis. This technique is based on the combination of the product or cosmetic with ultrasound. Among the principles pharmacologically active association with potential to phonophoresis technique highlights the kojic acid, which is widely used in biomedicine Aesthetics mainly for its antioxidant and hipopigmentante. In this sense the objective of this study was to investigate the release and permeation of the gel Kojic Acid 10% compared to the application of phonophoresis in vitro. The release study and permeation of kojic acid was performed using a vertical Franz type diffusion cells, with cellulose acetate membrane and skin from porcine biomembrane. Analyses were performed with and without application of therapeutic ultrasound, and the results showed that the phonophoresis technique extends the release of kojic acid for the receiving means, as well as the retention of the active in the stratum corneum and its permeation at 20 minutes.
Electrokinetic remediation is an emerging technology that can be used to remove contaminants from soils or sludge by application of an electric field. Here, we investigated the effects of potential apllied, electrolysis time and electrolyte content upon electrokinetic removal of aluminum from drinking water treatment sludge using the statistical Box-Behnken Design. The analysis gave a significant model, in which the quadratic part in particular was significant, thus justifying the optimization experiments. Since there was no apparent lack of fit, the model could be considered valid and its results interpreted more thoroughly. The values of the β coefficients, and their significance indicates that the most significant coefficients are the quadratic effects of potential applied and electrolysis time. The response surface showed an optimum predicted yield of 60.5% for a potential applied of 25 V, an electrolysis time of 72 h and 90% electrolyte content.
CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF Araucaria columnaris CARBONIZED WOODS UNDER DIVERSE OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS AS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOSSIL charcoal. In the face of environmental changes concerns, the study of climate change becomes essential to understand the life trajectory of planet earth. For this purpose, this work seeks to understand climate change and fluctuations in the amount of atmospheric oxygen across geological ages, carbonizing the Araucaria columnaris wood in varying oxygen concentrations, and comparing them to the fossil coal from Quiteria Outcrop. In this study, pyrolysis of Araucaria columnaris wood occurred with the use of TGA, under an atmosphere of 21% and 30% O2, analyzed in FTIR, distinguishing the constituent compounds of the wood. Multivariate analysis of the mains components (PCA) was applied, for data crossing. There is a distinction between carbonized wood and fossil charcoal, the charcoal burning temperature as well as the atmospheric oxygen composition being inconclusive. However, FTIR results indicate that the amount of oxygen has an influence on the degradation of the wood, and samples at 450 °C have greater similarities with fresh wood. Thus, it was observed that the temperature and the burning time are the main factors of the fires, being that the amount of oxygen available in the atmosphere influences the firing process.
Charcoal is one of the few lasting legacies of forest fires during thousands of years, representing a record of the dynamics of terrestrial biomes, as well as the characteristics of atmospheric oxygen throughout its ages. To understand climate change and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen availability over time, the research used wood carbonization of Araucaria columnaris in thermal degradation (TGA) of 30% and 21% oxygen, and temperatures of 450°C and 600°C. These were then analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in different increases, observing the anatomy of the material in its three structural planes, and compared to bibliographies of studies developed in this area. The work highlighted a pattern in wood carbonization in both atmospheres, with significant changes in physical and chemical structure in all samples. The pyrolysis with oxygen and elevated temperatures, demonstrated fire aggressiveness, degrading with greater speed and intensity, observing the anatomical details that characterize gymnosperms. Thus, the studies aim at a greater understanding of the complex relationship between fire and the planet, and how climate change becomes essential for understanding the events of the future.
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