Minced pork jowl meat, also called the sticking-piece, is commonly used to be adulterated in minced pork, which influences the overall product quality and safety. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methodology was proposed to identify and visualize this kind of meat adulteration. A total of 176 hyperspectral images were acquired from adulterated meat samples in the range of 0%–100% (w/w) at 10% increments using a visible and near-infrared (400–1000 nm) HSI system in reflectance mode. Mean spectra were extracted from the regions of interests (ROIs) and represented each sample accordingly. The performance comparison of established partial least square regression (PLSR) models showed that spectra pretreated by standard normal variate (SNV) performed best with Rp2 = 0.9549 and residual predictive deviation (RPD) = 4.54. Furthermore, functional wavelengths related to adulteration identification were individually selected using methods of principal component (PC) loadings, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), and regression coefficients (RC). After that, the multispectral RC-PLSR model exhibited the most satisfactory results in prediction set that Rp2 was 0.9063, RPD was 2.30, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 6.50%. Spatial distribution was visualized based on the preferred model, and adulteration levels were clearly discernible. Lastly, the visualization was further verified that prediction results well matched the known distribution in samples. Overall, HSI was tested to be a promising methodology for detecting and visualizing minced jowl meat in pork.
Three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of film-hole arrangement and blowing ratio on the squealer tip leakage flow field and tip film-cooling performance. Six film-hole arrangements with 13 holes are designed in the current study for comparison. In type-A and type-B, the film-cooling holes are arranged in a single row, located at the middle camber line or close to the suction-side squealer. The four modified film-hole arrangements are realized by placing two rows of total 7 film-cooling holes at the leading edge (type-C, type-D, type-E and type-F) and remaining the rest film-cooling holes in a row at the middle chord zone. The results show that the leakage flow entering the tip gap from the leading edge of suction side, the leading edge of pressure side and the middle chord and trailing edge of pressure side behaves different flow feature inside the tip cavity, inducing complicated swirling flow filed. The modified film-hole arrangements yield more reasonable film coverage on the tip surface by comparing with the single row film-hole arrangement under relatively high blowing ratios. In addition, the modified film-hole arrangements also show different rules on the film-cooling effectiveness distributions over some specific surfaces, such as tip cavity bottom surface and squealer top surface, as well as PS squealer inner surface and SS squealer inner surface. Among the presented four modified film-hole arrangements, type-D and type-F gain the most favorable film-cooling improvement.
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