The peanut shells were transformed into porous carbon with high surface area through a simple ZnCl 2 -molten salt synthesis process.
ABSTRACTPreparation of porous carbon with high surface area from biomass is important for its practical application. In the present paper, the peanut shells were transformed into porous carbon through a simple ZnCl 2 -molten salt synthesis (MSS) process. The carbonization and activation two processes could be completed together within one step, and carbonization time and temperature were reduced significantly because of the favorable flux environment for carbonization reaction provided by molten ZnCl 2 medium. The properties of peanut shells activated carbon (PAC) were characterized by XRD, TG-DSC, SEM, TEM, FT-IR spectra and BET isotherms. The results showed that the as-prepared PAC was amorphous and hierarchical porous structure with high surface area of 1642 m 2 /g. Some functional groups could be retained on surface of PAC and provide more absorbing sites for adsorption. While the prepared PAC was used as an adsorbent to remove dye of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution, it exhibited superior adsorption capacity as high as 876 mg/g, which indicates that the PAC from peanut shells can be used as a low-cost and effective adsorbent for water purification. pore distribution curve. It is noteworthy that there are three distinct distributions (plateaus), which can be attributed to presence of mesopores with pore radius of 9 nm, 13 nm and 22 nm, respectively. 35 Figure 4. (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of PAC (b) The corresponding pore size distribution of PAC using DFT method.Figure 5 shows the FT-IR spectra of PAC prepared at pyrolysis temperature of 230 °C and 480 °C. Compared with the PAC pyrolyzed at 230 °C, most functional groups can be remained in the PAC pyrolyzed at 480 °C. In sample PAC at 480 °C, the presence of the bands at 3430 and 1616 cm -1 can be attributed to N-H stretching vibration and N-H in-plane bending vibration, respectively. The peak observed at 2925 cm −1 is conditions, such as adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature and initial concentration.Adsorbent dose is an important parameter for the adsorption process. The effect of the adsorbent dose was investigated by using different amounts of adsorbent (from 0.01 to 0.06 g) in 50 mL 100 mg/L MB aqueous solution at 298 K for 5 h. The result is shown in Figure 6. The result reveals that the removal efficiency increases from 63.98% to 96.97% while the adsorbent dose increases from 0.01 to 0.06 g, which is attributed to that more adsorbents can provide more surface area and absorbing sites for adsorption. However, the adsorption capacity decreases from 458.39 to 120.67 mg/g with the adsorbent dose increasing from 0.01 to 0.06 g. Due to the total treatment cost depending on the cost of the adsorbent, the compromise between removal efficiency and amount of adsorbent should be optimized for the treatment.Consequently, the adsorbent dose of 0.02 g was selected at in the subsequent experiments, which ...
A NaSICON‐type Li+‐ion conductive membrane with a formula of Li1+
x
Y
x
Zr2−
x
(PO4)3 (LYZP) (x = 0–0.15) has been explored as a solid‐electrolyte/separator to suppress polysulfide‐crossover in lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. The LYZP membrane with a reasonable Li+‐ion conductivity shows both favorable chemical compatibility with the lithium polysulfide species and exhibits good electrochemical stability under the operating conditions of the Li‐S batteries. Through an integration of the LYZP solid electrolyte with the liquid electrolyte, the hybrid Li‐S batteries show greatly enhanced cyclability in contrast to the conventional Li‐S batteries with the porous polymer (e.g., Celgard) separator. At a rate of C/5, the hybrid Li ||LYZP|| Li2S6 batteries developed in this study (with a Li‐metal anode, a liquid/LYZP hybrid electrolyte, and a dissolved lithium polysulfide cathode) delivers an initial discharge capacity of ≈1000 mA h g−1 (based on the active sulfur material) and retains ≈90% of the initial capacity after 150 cycles with a low capacity fade‐rate of <0.07% per cycle.
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