ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different drying methods on seed coat pigmentation and quality of oil and biodiesel extracted from crambe. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications, totaling 20 plots. The treatments consisted of drying with heated air, natural air, ground, in the shade and in the plant. Physical and chemical analyzes were performed to verify the quality of grain, oil and biodiesel. The largest amounts of chlorophyll a and b and green beans and the lowest oil content were found in artificial drying with heated air. It was concluded that the drying in the plant presented grains and oil of better quality, but do not interfering in the quality of biodiesel, which has met the standards required by the ANP.
RESUMO:A cultura do crambe tornou-se promissora por apresentar um elevado teor de óleo presente nos grãos. Os métodos de secagem podem influenciar, dependendo do manejo adotado, a qualidade do óleo bruto extraído dos grãos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes métodos de secagem sobre a qualidade do óleo bruto extraído dos grãos de crambe. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (secagem com ar aquecido, ar natural, terreiro, sombra e campo), com quatro repetições. Para verificar a qualidade dos grãos foi realizada a análise da acidez graxa, e no óleo bruto, foram realizadas as análises de índice de iodo, índice de acidez, teor de água, massa específica a 20ºC e viscosidade cinemática a 40ºC. Após obtenção dos dados, os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativo às médias foram comparadas pelo teste "t" (p≤0,05). A secagem com ar aquecido proporcionou menor índice de ácidos graxos nos grãos. Os métodos de secagem avaliados não comprometeram a qualidade do óleo extraído dos grãos da cultura do crambe. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:processamento de grãos, ácidos graxos, biocombustíveis. CRAMBE (Crambe abyssinica HOCHST) GRAINS CRUDE OIL QUALITY UNDER DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS ABSTRACT:The Culture of crambe became promising since its grains presents high oil content. The methods of drying may influence the quality of crude oil extracted from the beans, depending on the way it is managed. This study goal was to evaluate the influence of different drying methods on the quality of the crude oil extracted from crambe grain. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (drying with heated air, natural air, yard, shade, and at the field), and with four tests for each. In order to check the quality of the grains, we performed an analysis of fat acidity, and to evaluate the crude oil quality, we conducted analysis of iodine value, acid value, water content, density at 20ºC, and a kinematic viscosity at 40°. After obtaining the data, the results were submitted to analysis of variance. When significant means were detected, they were compared by t-test (p ≤ 0.05). The method of drying with heated air provided a lower rate of fatty acid in grains. The drying methods evaluated did not compromise the quality of the oil extracted from the crambe grain.
RESUMO:O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de cinco sistemas de secagem sobre a qualidade de sementes de crambe e a influência do pericarpo no teste de condutividade elétrica. O campo de sementes foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP -Univ Estadual Paulista. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram empregados os seguintes métodos de secagem: secagem no campo, no terreiro, à sombra, com ar aquecido e com ar não aquecido. As sementes utilizadas foram da cultivar FMS Brilhante. Utilizou-se para avaliar a qualidade das sementes a análise da acidez graxa e o teste de condutividade elétrica, com e sem pericarpo. Após obtenção dos dados procedeu-se a análise de variância, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). Foi realizado também o teste de correlação linear de Pearson entre os testes de condutividade elétrica e acidez graxa visando avaliar a influência do pericarpo. Concluiu-se que o sistema de secagem à sombra causa menores danos às sementes e que a presença do pericarpo nas sementes de crambe diminui a sensibilidade do teste de condutividade elétrica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Biodiesel; acidez graxa; semente oleaginosa. INFLUENCE OF THE PERICARP IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRAMBE (Crambe abyssinica HOCHST) SEEDS SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT DRYING SYSTEMS ABSTRACT:In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of five drying systems on the quality of crambe seed and the influence of the pericarp in its electrical conductivity. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with four replications. The following drying methods were applied: drying in the field, on the patio, under shade, with heated air, and non-heated air. To evaluate the electrical conductivity and the fat acidity, the seeds, from the cultivar FMS Brilhante, were analyzed with and without pericarp. . An analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by Tukey test (p≤0,05). We also performed the Pearson linear correlation between electrical conductivity and fat acidity in order to evaluate the pericarp influence. The 4 drying system using shades cause less damage to the seeds; and the presence of pericarp decreased the sensitivity of the electrical conductivity.
The use of tractors is indispensable and essential to the agriculture. However, despite being efficient machines, tractors may fail in their projects, leading to the appearance of vibrations in different parts of their structure. Many studies show that the daily exposure to high levels of vibration, these are a risk factor for the health of the whole human body. In view of that, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the vibration levels in two static tractors, with the following specifications: Tractor (1) without cab, 4×2 model TDA manufactured in 1997, 89 kW of nominal engine power; tractor (2) with cab 4×2 model TDA manufactured in 2014, 65 kW of nominal engine power. The rotations were determined by the manufacturer´s manual of both tractors. The vibrations were measured by the accelerometer, properly calibrated. Data were collected in the Test Center of Machines and Agroforestry tires-belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP Botucatu-SP. The accelerometer was fixed at different points of the tractors, collecting their overall structural vibration. For the conditions that were conducted this study, it can be concluded that the tractor vibrations tend to increase according to the addition of the use of time of the tractors. The engine is a great source of vibration as noted in both tractors, as soon the vibration in steer wheel control system is a concern, due to the fact that is a place where the operator maintain constant contact, however the vibrations levels in tractor with cabin were lower than tractors without cabin. The cabin is an important equipment in machines protecting the operator from the vibrations, besides the weather roughness, dust and possible objects that could be launched during the operations.
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