Rockfill dams are among the most complex, significant, and costly infrastructure projects of great national importance. A key issue in their design is the construction stage and zone optimization. However, a detailed flow shop construction scheme that considers the opinions of decision makers cannot be obtained using the current rock-fill dam construction stage and zone optimization methods, and the robustness and efficiency of existing construction stage and zone optimization approaches are not sufficient. This research presents a construction stage and zone optimization model based on a data-driven analytical hierarchy process extended by D numbers (D-AHP) and an enhanced whale optimization algorithm (EWOA). The flow shop construction scheme is optimized by presenting an automatic flow shop construction scheme multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method, which integrates the data-driven D-AHP with an improved construction simulation of a high rockfill dam (CSHRD). The EWOA, which uses Levy flight to improve the robustness and efficiency of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), is adopted for optimization. This proposed model is implemented to optimize the construction stages and zones while obtaining a preferable flow shop construction scheme. The effectiveness and advantages of the model are proven by an example of a large-scale rockfill dam.
A stable
shell–core architecture Li2TiO3@Li1.17Mn0.50Ni0.16Co0.17O2 (LTO@LNCM) was successfully synthesized via in-site
synchronous lithiation. This architecture is designed based on the
fact that Li1.17Mn0.50Ni0.16Co0.17O2 will experience oxygen release and side reactions
when interacted with the electrolyte and is strengthened by means
of the diffusion interphase of Li2Ni
x
Co
y
Ti1–x–y
O3 between Li1.17Mn0.50Ni0.16Co0.17O2 and
Li2TiO3. Hence, the architecture functions as
follows: (1) the Li2TiO3 shell, which is chemically
stable, acts as a protective shell and (2) the Li2Ni
x
Co
y
Ti1–x–y
O3 transition
phase zone not only enhances the close adhesion of the core to the
Li2TiO3 outer shell but also has higher Li+ ionic conductivity due to doping. LTO@LNCM showed a much
higher rate capability and improved cycle performance, besides a higher
initial Coulombic efficiency. In particular, LNCM with 3 mol % Li2TiO3 delivered an initial discharge capacity of
306.1 mAh·g–1 at 0.1C (Coulombic efficiency
of 89.9%) and a rate capacity of 155.5 mAh·g–1 at 10C. At the same time, a reversible capacity of more than 149
mAh·g–1 after 240 cycles was achieved with
only 0.11% decay per cycle at 1C rate (2.0–4.8 V). Thus, based
on the collective results, we expect our LTO@LNCM with a motivating
Li2Ni
x
Co
y
Ti1–x–y
O3 transition phase zone to be a promising cathode
material for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
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