Purpose Renewable energy is at the forefront of countries’ concerns due to its global economic and environmental impacts. Previous studies have thoroughly examined the impact of renewable energy on overall national income, and this paper aims to shed light on an indicator that has received insufficient attention in research regarding its impact on economic growth, using data from 2000 to 2018. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the causal relationship between trade balance, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions per capita in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries using an auto regression distributed lag model (ARDL) and Johansen Cointegration Test. Findings The findings reveal that there is evidence of a long-run and short-run cointegrating relationship and that renewable energy consumption in the long run impacts the trade balance positively and in the short run negatively. Originality/value Therefore, bioenergy trade between countries and local investment should be prioritized to increase the trade balance surplus, since many of OECD countries suffer from deficit problems.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to find funding sources for social health insurance in Sudan to cover vulnerable families. Design/methodology/approach The concept of this paper is to look into the causality relationship between insured and directly paid poor people and their incomes through using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and using a survey raw data carried out in 2010 in Sudan. Findings The findings show that insured vulnerable people and income-generating activities have a significant positive relationship. The results, on the other hand, show a marginally negative effect on income for those who have directly paid poor people. Originality/value Previous research on the position of zakat has focused primarily on its role in poverty alleviation and has given little consideration to its role in social security. This study is characterized by improving the possibility of changing the mechanism of distributing zakat funds in favor of health financing to maximize the benefit.

With the transition of the global economy toward a green economy, it is important to analyze the elements that can either support or impede this transformation. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of the green economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries by analyzing the correlation between economic and environmental factors. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of the green economy in MENA countries by analyzing key factors such as access to clean fuel, GDP, and CO 2 emissions. The study aims to distinguish between long-and short-term effects, assess the presence of a long-run relationship or cointegration between the parameter estimates, and evaluate the progress of MENA countries toward a green economy based on the impact of economic, and environmental factors. Using quarterly and seasonally adjusted data from 2000 to 2018, the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was employed to examine the co-integration of the factors in the long and short terms. Multiple cointegration techniques were also used to determine the feasibility of a green economy by analyzing the relationship between access to clean fuel for technology and cooking, GDP, and CO 2 emissions. The study's findings indicate a clear long-and short-term relationship between the analyzed factors, as confirmed by the error correction model (ECM) which suggests that the variables are cointegrated and potentially relevant. Additionally, the result of the autoregressive distributed lag bound test shows that the green economy variables, GDP, CO 2 emissions, and access to clean fuel, are cointegrated in the long-term.