Two Alisma plantago-aquatica biotypes resistant to bensulfuron-methyl were detected in rice paddy fields in PortugalÕs Mondego (biotype T) and Tagus and Sorraia (biotype Q) River valleys. The fields had been treated with bensulfuron-methyl-based herbicide mixtures for 4-6 years. In order to characterize the resistant (R) biotypes, dose-response experiments, absorption and translocation assays, metabolism studies and acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity assays were performed. There were marked differences between R and susceptible (S) biotypes, with a resistance index (ED 50 R ⁄ S) of 500 and 6.25 for biotypes Q and T respectively. Crossresistance to azimsulfuron, cinosulfuron and ethoxysulfuron, but not to metsulfuron-methyl, imazethapyr, bentazone, propanil and MCPA was demonstrated. No differences in the absorption and translocation of 14 C-bensulfuron-methyl were found between the biotypes studied. Maximum absorption attained 1.12, 2.02 and 2.56 nmol g )1 dry weight after 96 h incubation with herbicide, for S, Q and T biotypes respectively. Most of the radioactivity taken up by the roots was translocated to shoots. Bensulfuron-methyl metabolism in shoots was similar in all biotypes. The R biotypes displayed a higher level of ALS activity than the S biotype, both in the presence and absence of herbicide and the resistance indices (IC 50 R ⁄ S) were 20 197 and 10 for biotypes Q and T respectively. These data confirm for the first time that resistance to bensulfuron-methyl in A. plantago-aquatica is target-site-based. In practice, to control target site R biotypes, it would be preferable to use mixtures of ALS inhibitors with herbicides with other modes of action.
Introduction: Perineal trauma at birth is distressing for women and can cause serious short and long term morbidity. Aim: Investigate the prevalence and predictive factors of intact perineum after normal vaginal birth among Portuguese women who had spontaneous vaginal births. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out among pregnant women who had spontaneous vaginal births, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017, in a single birth centre in Portugal. Following ethical approval, the prevalence of intact perineum was calculated and multivariate analysis with logistic regression was carried out, to identify the predictive factors of having an intact perineum after spontaneous vaginal birth. Results: A total of 1748 pregnant women had spontaneous vaginal births. Four hundred and forty-one women (25.2%) had intact perineum whereas in 1307 (74.8%) of women, the perineum was not intact. First-degree tears occurred in 23.2% (405/1748) of women, second-degree tears occurred in 4% (70/1748) of women while three women (0.2%) experienced a third-degree tear. The rate of episiotomies was 43.8% (766/1748). Episiotomy and first-degree tears occurred in 2.6% (45/1748), episiotomy and second-degree tears occurred in 0.7% (12/1748), while episiotomy and third-degree tears occurred in 0.3% (6/1748) of women. Having a previous caesarean section reduced the odds of intact perineum by 60%, while nulliparity reduced the odds by 70%. For every 250 grams increase in birth weight, the odds of sustaining an intact perineum were decreased by 13%. Alternative birth positions (excluding lithotomy) doubled the odds of maintaining an intact perineum. Conclusion: The prevalence of intact perineum is 25,2%. Predictive factors for intact perineum include birth weight, parity, previous caesarean section and birthing position. Recognizing these factors could support and facilitate the management of spontaneous vaginal birth to promote an intact perineum. Further research is needed to gain better understanding of this phenomenon.
RESUMO A ampliação do papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no tratamento de Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA) tem potencial de expandir o acesso ao cuidado de saúde. Este artigo visa analisar implicações da descentralização da assistência de PVHA para a APS na (re)produção ou redução de vulnerabilidades. Os conceitos de violência simbólica; interseccionalidade; precariedade e vulnerabilidades orientaram a entrada em campo e a análise dos resultados. Foram realizados grupos focais com profissionais, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com usuários e profissionais de duas unidades de APS na região central do município do Rio de Janeiro. Como principais resultados, destacam-se as implicações das vulnerabilidades associadas à violência armada e às questões de gênero no cuidado em saúde das PVHA, a existência de efeitos paradoxais da lógica territorial, bem como tensões entre a organização do processo de trabalho na APS e as necessidades/expectativas de usuários. Concluímos que a ampliação do acesso coexiste com a produção de novos riscos, que refletem na continuidade e qualidade do cuidado. Sublinhamos a necessidade de fortalecimento das interações trabalhador-usuário e da reflexão sobre novos arranjos para a organização dos processos de trabalho, que resultem em mais proteção e cuidado às pessoas, evitando a ampliação de vulnerabilidades.
This study aimed to evaluate the action of hydrolats and extracts of medicinal plants and herbs on the quality of castor bean seeds stored in uncontrolled conditions. The seeds used in the experiment were packed in cotton bags and stored for 12 months. During storage was carried sanity test, "Blotter test" to determine the sanitary quality of castor beans seeds. After storage, the seeds were treated with fungicide, hydrolats, and extract of medicinal plants and herbs. After that, we proceeded the sanity test again to determine the effect of seed treatment on reducing the infestation of fungi and evaluate the physiological quality of treated seeds. The experiments were set up in an entirely randomized. F. oxysporum, Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were observed in the seeds on storage. The physiological quality of seeds reduced with storage. Treatment with Captana, hydrolate of L. sidoides and C. zeylanicum extract drastically reduced the fungal infestation. C. zeylanicum extracts diminished the germination and vigor of castor bean seeds. The Zingiber officinale extract enables the control of Fusarium oxysporum and does not affect the quality of castor bean seeds.
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