Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are at the forefront of the swiftly developing scope of nanotechnology. In the current study, we investigated the green synthesis of AgNPs using Artemisia scoporia as a reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐Transform infrared spectroscopy, dispersive absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of the nanoparticle synthesis was assessed by comparing the antibiofilm activity with commercial AgNPs. The effect of sub‐minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AgNPs on biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay. The expression level of the icaA and icaR genes was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. The structural and functional aspects of AgNPs were confirmed. The expression levels of icaA and icaR in the isolates exposed to sub‐MIC of both commercial and biosynthetic AgNPs were lower and higher than in the control group, respectively. Our results also indicated that greater reduction and induction in icaA and icaR gene expression were noticed with the sub‐MIC doses of biosynthetic AgNP versus commercial AgNP, respectively. This study suggested the application of AgNPs as a significant therapeutic and clinical option in the future and usage for fabricating medical implants. Nevertheless, further investigation is required for examining the pharmaceutical and medicinal properties of AgNPs.
The aim of the present work was to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing activities of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated from Mespilus germanica extract against multidrug‐resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Fifty strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from various clinical specimens. Biofilm‐forming strains were identified using Congo red agar and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Subsequently, the antibacterial activity of phytosynthesized AgNPs on MDR K. pneumoniae strains was investigated by broth microdilution assay and agar well‐diffusion method. Finally (in the last step), the antibiofilm activity of phytosynthesized AgNPs was determined using microtiter plate assay and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) methods for the analysis of type 3 fimbriae (mrkA) and quorum‐sensing system (luxS) gene expression. The results of this study showed that the phytosynthesized AgNPs had a spherical nanostructure with the mean size of 17.60 nm. The AgNPs exhibited dose‐dependent antibacterial activity. The results of the microtiter plate and RT‐PCR methods show that AgNPs inhibited the biofilm formation in MDR K. pneumoniae strains, and the expressions of mrkA and luxS genes were downregulated significantly in MDR strains after treatment with a subminimum inhibitory concentration of AgNPs. In conclusion, AgNPs effectively prevent the formation of biofilms and kill bacteria in established biofilms, which suggests that AgNPs might be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of biofilm‐related infections caused by MDR K. pneumoniae strains.
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