No abstract

In recent years, the upturn demand of electricity and the generation of electrical power demand from fossil fuels are increasing day by day which results in environmental impacts on the atmosphere by greenhouse gases, and a high cost of electric power from these sources makes it unaffordable. The use of renewable energy sources can overcome this problem. Therefore, in this work, we present a solution by implementing the solar car parking lots. A detailed work has been done for solar car parking site selection and maximum solar electric power generation and its capacity effects with the shading of nearby trees and buildings by using the HelioScope online software developed by Folsom Labs. A detailed optimization and selection of car parking canopies are performed at different standard tilt angles to produce maximum solar photovoltaic energy, and it is analyzed that the monopitch canopy is the best to mount at solar car parking lots at a tilt angle of 10°. We have done a detailed economic analysis which shows that 14% electricity cost was offset by the installation of a solar car parking lot with 17% reduction in annual energy consumption from the grid at the proposed site. The total investment cost of the parking structure and the photovoltaic (PV) system can be paid back in 6-7 years.

This work is used to design a novel robust optimization control law augmented with Robust Generalized Dynamic Inversion (RGDI) for continuous varying perturbations in the Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS). The perturbations like coupling effect, un-known states, gyroscopic disturbance torque, parametric uncertainties and parametric disturbances are considered as unwanted signal which should be optimized by an efficient controller. The variable structured systems like the TRMS (prototype) have great focus due to its high computational cost with a higher order non-linear behavior. The RGDI based controller designed to remove nonlinear dynamics as well as to avoid singularity issue with the augmentation of stability based mathematical operations (lyapunov stability analysis, controllability and observability matrices ) in the presence of considered perturbations during implementation. In this paper, we develop estimation of state deviation calculation between control angles and desired angles known as Euclidean error norm. The next step was to design RGDI based controller [Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and $${H_\infty }$$ H ∞ optimization] to minimize considered perturbations as well as the computational cost. The sharp (rapid) chattering phenomena in RGDI based SMC reduce the actuators performance that goes towards the failure of actuators. While the RGDI based $${H_\infty }$$ H ∞ optimization overcome the computational cost and minimizes $${H_\infty }$$ H ∞ norm that’s guaranteeing the robust stability as well as robust performance. The robustness of the optimization control technique validated by taking its worst case via MATLAB-Simulation. A real-time implementation applied to evaluate the worth of novel dynamic approach.

The electrical infrastructure around the globe is expanding at a rapid rate for the sake of fulfilling power demands in the domestic, commercial and entertainment industries aiming to boost the living standards. In this regard, renewable energy sources (RES) are globally accepted potential candidates for maintaining inexhaustible, clean, and reliable electricity with a supplementary feature of economic prospect. The efficiency of power distribution at reduced cost to the consumers can be further enhanced by introducing a two-way billing system so-called net-metering which has the potential to overcome issues such as voltage regulation, power blackouts, overstressed grid and need for expensive storage systems thereby making it beneficial for the grid and the end user. This envisioning has encouraged the Government of Pakistan to install net-metering infrastructure at places which accommodate surplus renewable energy reserves. According to the Electric Power Act 1997, the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) issued the net-metering rules and regulations in September 2015 by the endorsement of Federal Government which allowed the distribution companies in Pakistan to buy surplus electricity units generated by the consumers in order to partly reimburse the units imported from the utility grid. The aim behind this research work is to promote renewable energy utilization through net-metering mechanism in order to achieve maximum power. The export of units from consumer side to utility grid and vice versa can be made through bidirectional energy meter. In this paper, a solar net-metering analysis has been carried out on ETAP software to determine its benefits in a distribution network. Different scenarios have been investigated, and it is concluded that solar net-metering technique has multiple influential benefits, e.g., improvement in voltage regulation, reduction in transmission and distribution losses, increase in power availability, less billing to consumers, and reduction of loading on utility grid.

Background: The primary motive of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electric power efficiently and reliably to the consumer-end. Transmission losses, system instability and increasing cost in proportion to demand are the main challenges faced in this process. Power flow analysis is required to robustly predict the active / reactive power within the buses, voltage magnitude / phase angles at each bus, cost of transmission and losses well before the practical installation of the power network. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this paper, we employ power flow analysis using Newton Raphson method and Fast Decoupled method to minimize cost of the electricity and finding optimum active and reactive powers without affecting the voltage regulation. The power flow algorithms are applied for solving the aforementioned load flow problem for ring distribution network of Bahawalpur. We carried out the modeling by obtaining realistic data for constructing bus admittance matrix and specifications of generation units and loads which are connected at the buses. Findings: As a result, optimum flow of power along with the voltage values among different regions of Bahawalpur is obtained. The results from both the algorithms successfully converge and there is an absolute match to validate the accuracy. Novelty: These novel results are of paramount importance since the proposed architecture of Bahawalpur is ring distribution network to replace the existing radial network for improved performance. Furthermore, this research will pave the way for power system planning of Bahawalpur region where all the electrical parameters are known beforehand to design the components according to the requirement.