Mosque has always been the most prestigious and important building for the Muslims. However, no standards or guidelines are available in Pakistan for the design and details of Mosque, therefore, mosques are being designed and built as per the existing examples or personal wisdom of the architects, financers, decision makers, and individuals or groups responsible for its execution. It has been generally observed that there are many flaws found everywhere in terms of plot orientation, placement of different functions of mosque, planning layout, interior spaces, opening of doors/windows, design of ablution area, adequate no. of toilets and shoe storage racks etc. The major problem that worshipers face, are related to insufficient width of row (saff) and clearance from walls to perform physical actions of prayer and to carryout ablution in comfortable manner. The aim of this research is to set-out the planning and design guidelines and to develop standards for a religiously and socially acceptable, efficient and comfortable design for all features of a mosque. The methodology includes study of religious literature and survey of existing mosques selected in different localities of Lahore to obtain standards being practiced and comments of end users. Methodology also included physical demonstration to experiment the actual space needed during performance of prayer by worshippers. The paper suggests solutions to some of the issues related to this topic. The developed guidelines/standards would be a source of information for students, practicing architects and academicians. Mosques constructed on the basis of these standards will provide better utilization of space and more comfortable environment to the end users.
Pakistan has a diverse variety of monumental buildings which includes mosques, tombs,shrines and Gurdwaras. Every year, thousands of Sikh pilgrims are attracted to their Gudrwaras to satisfy their religion which is located mostly in southern Punjab, Pakistan. These monumental Gurduwars reflect the Sikh culture and heritage in terms of religious tourist margins. These historical assets have firm potential that could serve for tourism development, conservation and preservation of these and thus moving toward sustainable solutions. The objective of this research is to analyze the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Sikh religious tourism in Pakistan. The research methodology adopted for this research was qualitative and data was collected through formal interviews of officials of the Evaccu Trust Property Board (ETPB), Government of Pakistan. The results showed that Southern Punjab, Pakistan has a strong potential for religious tourism and if promoted can help in the socioeconomic development of a country.
Mosque has always been the most prestigious and important building for the Muslims. However, no standards or guidelines are available in Pakistan for the design and details of Mosque, therefore, mosques are being designed and built as per the existing examples or personal wisdom of the architects, financers, decision makers, and individuals or groups responsible for its execution. It has been generally observed that there are many flaws found everywhere in terms of plot orientation, placement of different functions of mosque, planning layout, interior spaces, opening of doors/windows, design of ablution area, adequate no. of toilets and shoe storage racks etc. The major problem that worshipers face, are related to insufficient width of row (saff) and clearance from walls to perform physical actions of prayer and to carryout ablution in comfortable manner. The aim of this research is to set-out the planning and design guidelines and to develop standards for a religiously and socially acceptable, efficient and comfortable design for all features of a mosque. The methodology includes study of religious literature and survey of existing mosques selected in different localities of Lahore to obtain standards being practiced and comments of end users. Methodology also included physical demonstration to experiment the actual space needed during performance of prayer by worshippers. The paper suggests solutions to some of the issues related to this topic. The developed guidelines/standards would be a source of information for students, practicing architects and academicians. Mosques constructed on the basis of these standards will provide better utilization of space and more comfortable environment to the end users.
The research is focused on the transformed built environment based on the typologies of historic and modern spatial layouts. Cities have always been termed as constantly evolving physical areas that constitute a characteristic environment through their ordered spatial configuration. This research was carried out following the descriptive, comparative and analytical approach. The characteristic of the traditional historic cities is embedded in the cultural routes which are based on their social system. The fundamental principle of spatial configuration is unity, simplicity and functionality of the space according to the interdependence among community. The modern developments followed new patterns in city planning to accommodate the large population with communal utilities and public services. Modern attitude gave emphasis to the material considerations and focuses on the individualism, commercialism in addition to functionalism that disconnects the communities. The difference in the spatial configuration of the selected historic and contemporary societies of Lahore concluded the adoption of modern concepts in the contemporary societies.
Aim: To determine the frequency of leading factors of severe acute malnutrition in children below five years of age. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient department, National Institute of Child Health (NICH) Karachi from December 7, 2017 to June 9, 2018. Methodology: All children of 6 months to 5 years of age of either gender presented with severe acute malnutrition were included. Information regarding age, gender, weight, height and all leading factors of severe acute malnutrition were noted. Results: Out of total 157 children, pre-maturity was observed in 21 (13.4%) children, low birth weight in 84 (53.5%) children, anemia in 105 (66.9%) children, lack of complete immunization in 81 (51.6%) children, maternal illiteracy 96 (61.1%), paternal illiteracy 31 (19.7%), low income 116 (73.9%), lack of exclusive breastfeeding in 87 (55.4%) children, administration of Pre-lacteals as the first feeding in 54 (34.4%) whereas initiation of complementary feeding after nine months was observed in 48 (30.6%) children. Conclusion: The presence of low income, anemia, maternal illiteracy, lack of exclusive breastfeeding and low birth weight were the leading factors of severe acute malnutrition in children below the age of five years.
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