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1. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable method for the analysis of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) in chicken eggs and to determine FF and FFA residue depletion in eggs of laying hens. 2. The analytes were extracted from yolk, albumen and whole egg by phosphate buffer and ethyl acetate. Following purification, samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. 3. Fifty laying hens were divided into 5 groups, and each hen received doses of 20 mg/kg FF: Group 1 (received a single oral dose by gavage); Group 2 (a single intramuscular dose); Group 3 (a single subcutaneous dose); Group 4 (multiple oral doses for 3 d) and Group 5 (multiple oral doses for 5 d). 4. Limits of detection and of quantitation values were 1.94 and 6.45 g/10(9) g (ppb) for FF, respectively, and 0.48 and 1.58 ppb for FFA, respectively. Relative standard deviation values of intra-day and inter-day variation below 11% also confirmed the usefulness of the method for analysing FF and FFA in eggs. 5. From the first day of both oral and parenteral administration, FF and FFA were detected at 0.1% and 0.08% of dosage, respectively, and 57% of the drugs were eliminated from the egg yolk. Elimination time of FF was 8 d in Groups 1, 2 and 3; 9 d in Group 4 and 10 d in Group 5.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed and live forms of yeast products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro fermentation of a 50:50 forage:concentrate substrate using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The Rusitec system consisted of nine fermentation vessels: three of them received daily 0.5 g/L hydrolyzed yeast, three vessels received daily 0.5 g/L live yeast, and three vessels received no additives (control). After an adaptation period of 7 days, the main fermentation characteristics were evaluated for 7 consecutive days. Ruminal pH was decreased (P < 0.05) by hydrolyzed yeast, whereas no effects were observed after live yeast treatment. Both hydrolyzed and live yeasts tended to increase butyrate production (P = 0.052). Acetate to propionate ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for live yeast. Both products increased NH 3 -N concentration, and it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in live yeast in comparison with that in hydrolyzed yeast. Digestibility of dry matter was not significantly affected by both yeast treatments. Overall, these results showed that different types of yeast products in terms of their viability status had significant actions in ruminal microbial metabolism in different ways.

Boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) is derived from dehydration of boric acid and is a colorless, semitransparent, crystalline compound that is moderately soluble in water. On the other hand, boron oxide is chemically hygroscopic. This gives the molecule the ability to soak up water and adhere to tissues. Boron oxide can be used locally after tumor debulking in inoperable tumors and especially when the tumor-free margin distance cannot be provided. For all these reasons we aimed to evaluate the in vitro test results of B 2 O 3 in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrotic effects on L929 fibroblast cells and DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Our studies demonstrated that boron oxide compounds appear to be highly cytotoxic for both cell lines according to WST cell viability assay (44.22% and 18.36% on DLD-1 and L929, respectively). Although no genotoxic effects were observed, boron oxide compounds showed antiproliferative effects for both cell lines. The prepared boron oxide compounds may hold the potential to be applied locally to the remaining tissue after surgery and further research and evaluation will be needed to determine its effectiveness.

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