PBD cannot significantly reduce the postoperative mortality and complications of malignant obstructive jaundice, and therefore should not be used as a preoperative routine procedure for malignant obstructive jaundice.

Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. China has more than 55% liver cancer cases globally. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was caused by a variety of risks factors, including chronic inflammation by virus, alcohol consumption and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Emerging evidence has notarized inflammation as a critical component of HCC progression. The development of HCC is a multistep process which may originate from liver chronic injury and inflammation to subsequent fibrosis and/or cirrhosis and finally HCC. A large number of studies indicate that chemokines and cytokines are candidates linking molecules between inflammation and liver cancer. Here, we will describe a few of the key cytokines and chemokines and signal pathways which are involved in the inflammation of HCC. Inhibitors of inflammation for the prevention and overcoming antitumor immunity for treatment of liver cancer are promising candidates for the future management of patients with HCC.

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To investigate the effect of microRNA-101-3p (miRNA-101-3p) on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer (GC) cells, and to explore its influence mechanism. Human GC cell line (AGS) and normal human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) were used in this study. The cells were transfected with proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (PIM 1) overexpression plasmid, miRNA-101-3p mimics, or miRNA-101-3p non-homologous sequence using lipofectamine 2000. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to determine the expressions of miRNA-101-3p and PIM 1 in GC cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays were used to assess the effect of miRNA-101-3p on proliferation and invasion of GC cells. The regulatory effect of miRNA-101-3p on PIM 1 was assessed using bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter gene assay. The expression of miRNA-101-3p was significantly down-regulated in GC cells, relative to normal human gastric epithelial cells (p < 0.05). However, the expression of PIM 1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in GC cells, when compared with normal gastric epithelial cells (p < 0.05). The expression level of miRNA-101-3p was significantly higher in miRNA-101-3p mimic group than in miRNA-101-3p control and normal control groups (p < 0.05). Cell proliferation in miRNA-101-3p mimic group was significantly and time-dependently reduced, when compared with miRNA-101-3p control and normal control groups (p < 0.05). Transfection with miRNA-101-3p mimics significantly increased the invasiveness of AGS cells, and significantly promoted their apoptosis (p < 0.05). Results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that increased miRNA-101-3p expression significantly reduced the expression of PIM 1, while decreased miRNA-101-3p expression promoted the expression of PIM 1 (p < 0.05). Results of bioinformatics showed that miRNA-101-3p had specific binding sequence in the 3'UTR region of PIM 1. Cloning of miRNA-101-3p sequence into the luciferase reporter plasmid led to significant inhibition of the expression of PIM 1 (p < 0.05), but had no inhibitory effect on mutated PIM 1 3'UTR (p > 0.05). Overexpression of PIM 1 significantly reversed the inhibition of proliferation and invasion, and promotion of apoptosis by miR-NA-101-3p (p < 0.05). These results indicate that miRNA-101-3p inhibits the proliferation and invasion of GC cells, and promotes their apoptosis by regulation of the expression of PIM-1.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liver transplantation in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. According to the requirements of Cochrane systematic review, a thorough literature search was performed in PubMed/ Medline, Embase and Cochrane electronic databases between 1995 and 2009 in terms of the key words ''liver transplantation'' and ''cholangiocarcinoma,'' ''cholangiocellular carcinoma'' or ''bile duct cancer,'' with restricted articles for the English language. Data were processed for a meta-analysis by Stata 10 software. Altogether 14 clinical trials containing 605 transplanted patients of bile duct cancers were finally enrolled in our study. In addition, the overall pooled incidence of complications was 0.62 (95% CI 5 0.44-0.78), among which that of OLT-PAT group (0.58; 95% CI 5 0.20-0.92) was relatively acceptable compared to those of liver transplantation alone (0.61; 95% CI 5 0.33-0.85) and liver transplantation with extended bile duct resection (0.78; 95% CI 5 0.55-0.94). In comparison to curative resection of cholangiocarcinoma with the 5-year survival rate reported from 20 to 40%, the role of liver transplantation alone is so limited. In the future, attention will be focused on liver transplantation following neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, which requires a well-designed, prospective randomized controlled study.Bile duct cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, which arises from the epithelium of bile ducts, is the second most common primary malignant tumor of the liver after hepatocellular carcinoma.1 Although hepatic resection represents the primary treatment for cholangiocarcinoma, extensive perineural and lymphatic invasion, bilateral liver involvement and vascular encasement frequently preclude potentially complete resection.2 In addition, extensive surgical resection is not tolerated in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) because of the underlying liver dysfunction.3 Even if curative resection is achieved, cholangiocarcinoma, to date, remains a devastating and challenging disease with 5-year survival rates reported from 20 to 40%. 4 As for palliative modalities including biliary drainage, irradiation or chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, the median survival for unresectable individuals is less than 12 months. 1Since the late 1990s, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been established for end-stage liver disease as well as hepatocellular carcinoma.5 Total hepatectomy followed by subsequent OLT seems to offer a chance for significant prolongation of survival with wide tumor-free margins and without underlying liver disease.6 Taken into consideration, OLT was initially proposed as an optimal solution for patients with irresectable cholangiocarcinoma.7-10 Despite sound theoretical argument in favor of liver transplantation, the early experience with OLT alone for bile duct cancer was uniformly disappointing because of frequent tumor relapse. 11-13Reports from Hannover in 1996 described that 1-, 3-and 5-year survival rates for 25 liver transplants of proxima...