Background: The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United Kingdom and worldwide calls for new approaches to its management, and diets with low glycaemic index have been proposed as a useful means for managing glucose response. However, there are conflicting reports and differences in the results of studies in terms of their effectiveness. Furthermore, the impact of low-glycaemic index diets and their long-term use in patients with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Objectives: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of low-glycaemic index diets in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Search methods: Randomised controlled studies were selected from a number of databases (EBSCOHost with links to Health Research databases, PubMed, and grey literature) based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study designs (PICOS) framework. The search terms included synonyms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and involved the use of Boolean operators (AND/OR) which allowed the combination of words and search terms. Selection criteria: As per the selection criteria, the following types of articles were selected: studies on randomised controlled trials, with year of publication between 2008 and 2018, including patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, studies involving patients with gestational and type 1 diabetes were excluded, as were observational studies. Nine articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected for the systematic review, whereas only six articles which met the criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Data collection and analysis: Studies were evaluated for quality and risk of bias. In addition, heterogeneity, meta-analysis, and sensitivity tests of the extracted data were carried out using Review Manager 5.3 (Review Manager, 2014). Results: The findings of the systematic review showed that the low-glycaemic index (low-GI) diet resulted in a significant improvement (<0.05) in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in two studies: low-GI diet Δ = −0.5% (95% CI, −0.61% to −0.39%) vs. high-cereal fibre diet Δ = −0.18% (95% CI, −0.29% to −0.07%); and low-GI legume diet Δ = −0.5% (95%, −0.6% to −0.4%) vs. high-wheat fibre diet Δ = −0.3% (95% Cl, −0.4 to −0.2%). There was a slight improvement in one study (low glycaemic response = 6.5% (6.3–7.1) vs. control = 6.6% (6.3–7.0) and no significant difference (p > 0.05) in four studies compared with the control diet. Four studies showed improvements in fasting blood glucose in low-GI diets compared to higher-GI diets or control: low-GI diet = 150.8 ± 8.7 vs. higher-GI diet = 157.8 ± 10.4 mg/dL, mean ± SD p = 0.43; low-GI diet = 127.7 vs. high-cereal fibre diet = 136.8 mg/dL, p = 0.02; low-GI diet = 6.5 (5.6–8.4) vs. standard diabetic diet = 6.7 (6.1–7.5) mmol/L, median and interquartile range p > 0.05; and low-GI diet = 7.3 ± 0.3 vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange diet = 7.7 ± 0.4 mmol/L, mean ± SEM (Standard Error of Mean) p < 0.05. The results of the meta-analysis and sensitivity tests demonst...

The study evaluated the nutritive potentials of 8 cultivars of sweet sorghum and their suitability as ruminant feedstuff. The sorghum cultivars were grown and harvested, each cultivar divided into 2 portions (whole plants and leaves), thereafter ensiled with the view of assessing their nutritive potentials vis-à-vis eco-friendliness for improved/sustained ruminant production. Nutrients and anti-nutrient compositions were assessed. Organic matter digestibility (OMD), methane gas production (CH4), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) were evaluated using in vitro gas production technique. Data generated were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. From the results, parameters assessed were significantly (P<0.05) improved among the treatments. Ensiling significantly improved the nutritive qualities with respect to the cultivars. The assayed phytochemicals were at tolerable levels and would not hinder nutrients absorption, if fed to ruminants. Further, the in vitro degradability study revealed that whole plant of Samsorg-14 sweet sorghum cultivar and its silage have the best nutritive qualities (CP (7.66%; 9.16%), OMD (37.20%; 37.74%), SCFA (0.32; 0.36 umol/200MgDM), ME (4.91; 4.99 MJ/kgDM), respectively. Hence, Samsorg-14 sweet sorghum cultivar was the best of all the cultivars and could serve as protein/energy source in ruminants’ diet vis-à-vis its methanogenesis, which invariably could contribute to greenhouse gas emission.