Background: Human face is highly vascular region and vascularity to the skin and other organs is an important indicator of health and disease. Change in blood flow is affected by aging, diabetes, high blood triglycerides, cigarette smoking etc. With so many factors that can alter blood flow in the skin, normal blood flow is important to know for comparison to diseased state. Blood flow in superficial arteries of face has not yet been described, therefore this study was designed to establish baseline blood flow values in arteries of face. Materials and Methods: Blood flow of right and left side was assessed at level of facial and infraorbital artery. Categorical variables were presented in form of frequency and percentages was done by using Mann-Whitney U. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare left and right facial and infra orbital arteries. Results: Peak systolic velocity of right and left facial artery had a significant difference having right side mean of 67.02±12.48 and left side mean as 72.67±11.69. Facial artery diameter of right and left side also had significant difference with mean of 0.14±0.02 and 0.15±0.02 respectively. Conclusion: No difference was found between vascularity in male & female and left or right side. The study might be useful to establish normal baseline values of various parameters on both sides of face in male and female adults. This study may become important reference for future studies measuring blood flow and even progression of vascular diseases may be assessed by indexes developed on the basis of these studies.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of head benign and malignant lesions with regard to age group, sex, site and type of lesion and clinical variety in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Methodology: Basic research design: An observational cross-sectional study, included collection and analysis of histopathological data over the last 4 years i.e. 2016-2019. Test of significance chi-square was done for data analysis in IBM SPSS v17. Clinical setting: Pathology Departments of Sheikh Zayed Hospital (tertiary care hospital). Results: Sample included a total of 952 patient records in this study, with 587 (61.7%) males and 365 (38.3%) females. There were 514 cases of the head region and 438 cases of the neck region. Out of 514 total head region cases, 66 were malignant and 458 were benign. Participants were divided into age groups (1-18, 19-35, 36-50, 51-70, 70+) years respectively. The prevalence of benign cancers in head region was calculated in percentages according to which most patients were of nasal polyp at 26.3%, pleomorphic adenoma were 3.4%, with fibro-epithelial polyp were 9.5%. In the malignant category though Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent malignant lesion with highest frequency recorded in tongue region were 4.0%, rest with SCC nose were 0.6%, with SCC soft palate were 2.1%. The results of the chi-square revealed that there was a significant difference found with regards to the prevalence of various benign lesions in the head region between males (X2 = 1003.041, P>.001) and females (X2 = 593.937, P>.001). In addition, the difference among males and females was found statistically significant with regards to the prevalence of different types of malignant tumors in head region (for males, X2 = 238.447, P>.001, for females, X2 = 112.641, P>.001). With regards to the age groups the prevalence of different types of benign cancers was found to be statistically significant at head region (X2 = 140.500, P>.001), however there was a non-significant difference between the age-wise prevalence of different types of malignant cancers of head region (X2 = 44.702, P = .281). Conclusion: A reappraisal of neoplastic lesions of this important anatomical region in this study highlight the wide spectrum of tumors encountered along with its relative frequency. Squamous cell carcinoma constitutes the highest percentage of all the malignancies in the head region. Though head malignancies are a serious concern, good awareness, education, and early diagnosis can reduce their incidence.
Background: Forensic odontology (FO) has an important role to play in the field of forensic science to gather evidence for human identification. Dental records form an integral component of forensic evidence in this regard. Dental practitioners need to be aware of the legal significance of dental record keeping. They should be able to provide accurate information on which forensic evidence can be based. Aim: To assess the awareness regarding FO and dental record-keeping practices amongst dental partitioners in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental practitioners to assess the awareness regarding FO and dental record-keeping in clinical practice. Results: A total of 380 responses were received. Results showed that only 2% of the respondents studied the subject of forensic dentistry at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. 88 % of the individuals were interested in receiving formal training in forensic dentistry and 96% recommended the subject of forensic dentistry to be introduced as a separate postgraduate training program in Pakistan. More than half of the respondents reported a lack of record-keeping in their clinical practice. Conclusions: Limited awareness was observed regarding FO among dental practitioners in Pakistan primarily due to lack of exposure to the subject. In terms of dental record keeping, a limited number of practitioners in our study reported adhering to it. Hence, there is a need to develop measures to promote awareness and knowledge about FO and dental record management in Pakistan. Keywords: Forensic odontology, awareness, education, dental records, dental identification.
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