The Abancay Deflection, forming the northern edge of the Altiplano in the Peruvian Andes, is a remarkable geomorphic feature marking the along-strike segmentation of the Andes. Little is known about the timing and spatial distribution of exhumation in this area. To constrain the exhumation history of the Abancay Deflection and its drivers, we present apatite (U-Th)/He and fission-track thermochronology data from samples collected along an elevation transect at Machu Picchu. Geomorphologic analysis demonstrates recent and ongoing drainage reorganization recorded by the spatial distribution of the normalized steepness index (ksn) and normalized integrated drainage area (χ) parameters. Thermochronologically derived cooling rates are converted into exhumation using regionally constrained geothermal gradients between 16° and 26°C/km. Time-temperature inversions imply steady and slow exhumation (<0.05 km/m.y.) between 20 and 4 Ma, followed by rapid exhumation (>0.9 km/m.y.) since 4 Ma. The timing of rapid exhumation, combined with the geomorphic analysis, suggests that fluvial capture of the previously endorheic Altiplano by the Urubamba River drove recent incision and exhumation. Depending on the value of the geothermal gradient used, total exhumation since 4 Ma can be explained by river incision alone or requires additional exhumation driven by tectonics, possibly associated with movement on the Apurimac fault.Supplementary material: Additional information is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5177343

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Our understanding of the style and rate of Quaternary tectonic deformation in the forearc of the Central Andes is hampered by a lack of field observations and constraints on neotectonic structures. Here we present a detailed analysis of the Purgatorio fault, a recently recognized active fault located in the forearc of southern Peru. Based on field and remote sensing analysis (Pléiades DEM), we define the Purgatorio fault as a subvertical structure trending NW‐SE to W‐E along its 60 km length, connecting, on its eastern end, to the crustal Incapuquio Fault System. The Purgatorio fault accommodates right‐lateral transpressional deformation, as shown by the numerous lateral and vertical plurimetric offsets recorded along strike. In particular, scarp with a 5 m cumulative throw is preserved and displays cobbles that are cut and covered by slickensides. Cosmogenic radionuclide exposure dating (10Be) of quartzite cobbles along the vertical fault scarp yields young exposure ages that can be bracketed between 0 to 6 ka, depending on the inheritance model that is applied. Our preferred scenario, which takes in account our geomorphic observations, implies at least two distinct rupture events, each associated with ~3 and ~2 m of vertical offset. These two events plausibly occurred during the last thousand years. Nevertheless, an interpretation invoking more tectonic events along the fault cannot be ruled out. This work affirms crustal deformation along active faults in the Andean forearc of southern Peru during the last thousand years.