Coffea arabica L. is as a tropical crop that can be grown under monocrop or agroforestry (AFS) systems, usually at altitudes greater than 600 m, with suitable environmental conditions to bean quality. This study aimed to assess the effect of altitude (650, 825, and 935 m) and light conditions (deep shade—DS, and moderate shade—MS provided by native trees, and full Sun—FS) on the physical and chemical attributes of green coffee beans produced in the Gorongosa Mountain. Regardless of altitude, light conditions (mainly MS and FS) scarcely affected most of the studied physical and chemical attributes. Among the few exceptions in physical attributes, bean mass tended to lower values under FS in all three altitudes, whereas bean density increased under FS at 650 m. As regards the chemical compound contents, sporadic changes were found. The rises in trigonelline (MS and FS at 935 m), soluble sugars (FS at 935 m), and the decline in p-coumaric acid (MS and FS at 825 m), may indicate an improved sensory profile, but the rise in FQAs (FS at 825 m) could have a negative impact. These results highlight a relevant uncertainty of the quality changes of the obtained bean. Altitude (from 650 to 935 m) extended the fruit maturation period by four weeks, and altered a larger number of bean attributes. Among physical traits, the average sieve (consistent tendency), bean commercial homogeneity, mass, and density increased at 935 m, whereas the bean became less yellowish and brighter at 825 and 935 m (b*, C* colour attributes), pointing to good bean trade quality, usually as compared with beans from 650 m. Furthermore, at 935 m trigonelline and 5-CQA (MS and FS) increased, whereas FQAs and diCQAs isomers declined (in all light conditions). Altogether, these changes likely contributed to improve the sensory cup quality. Caffeine and p-coumaric acid showed mostly inconsistent variations. Overall, light conditions (FS, MS, or DS) did not greatly and consistently altered bean physical and chemical attributes, whereas altitude (likely associated with lower temperature, greater water availability (rainfall/fog), and extended maturation period) was a major driver for bean changes and improved quality.
. The growth, the pigments and gas exchange measurements showed no changes in response to doses of chromium. After 30 days the initiation of treatments, plants of L. racemosa had average 0.559 g of total dry weight, 1.34 mg L -1 of total chlorophyll and 7.9 μmol m -2 s -1 of A (CO 2 photosynthetic assimilation). The photochemical potential efficiency was affected by the intermediate dose of 0.05 mg L -1 of Cr +3 (Fv/Fm=0.73) and it was associated with improved translocation of chromium from root to leaves. L. racemosa accumulated Cr +3 in the root, especially in the highest dose (560 mg g -1 DW) representing twenty-eight times the value obtained in control. The concentration of chromium in stem and leaves was not influenced by the tested doses. There was a reduction of fructose and sucrose in the largest dose of chromium, suggesting the drain of these carbohydrates to meet the energy demand of root absorption. The results suggest that L. racemosa owns characteristics of a chromium-tolerant species.
RESUMOCom o objetivo de verificar a influência de parâmetros fisiológicos das plantas de milho doce (H43IN) e milho comum (UENF506-8), nos períodos de desenvolvimento, nos teores de carboidratos e na produtividade desta espécie, foram conduzidos experimentos sob condições de campo, no Colégio Agrícola Antonio Sarlo, em Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. Os experimentos foram instalados nos meses de setembro a janeiro de 2004. Os parametros fisiológicos foram estudados em quatro períodos: período III de crescimento vegetativo, V e VII reprodutivo e IX senescência da planta. Os parâmetros fisiológicos (taxa fotossintética líquida, déficit de pressão de vapor entre a folha e o ar e condutância estomática), observados, nas diferentes fases fenológicas, demonstraram haver diferenças significativas entre os dois genótipos. Os teores de açúcares e amido determinados nos estádios V e VII também demonstram diferenças, como esperado e a produtividade demonstrou superioridade do milho comum em relação ao milho doce.Palavras chave: Zea mays L.; trocas gasosas; produtividade; teores de carboidratos. ABSTRACTThis work aimed to verify the influence of physiological characteristics of sweet corn (H43IN) and maize (UENF 506-8), at development stages, in carbohydrate contents and productivity in this species. These studies were conducted under field conditions at Colégio Agrícola Antonio Sarlo, in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. The experiments were developed from September to January / 2004. The physiological characteristics were investigated in four periods: period III of plant growth, V and VII reproductive and IX plant senescence. The physiological characteristics (net photosynthesis rate, leaf to air vapor pressure deficit, and stomatal conductance), observed during the different phenological cycles showed significant differences between the two genotypes. The sugar and starch contents determinated at stages V and VII also showed differences, as we expected, and the productivity in maize was higher than in sweet corn.
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