Foregut duplication cyst of the stomach is an extremely rare disease entity. A 35-year-old Korean man presented with epigastric pain. An abdominal cystic mass, measuring 7 x 6 x 5 cm, was found in the lesser curvature of the stomach. The cyst was unilocular with a grey-white, rubbery wall. Microscopically, the cyst wall was lined by pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium and gastric mucosa with a complete lining of smooth muscle bundles. Although the origin of this lesion remains uncertain, this case suggests that the gastric cyst arose from the embryonic foregut and showed differentiation toward respiratory and gastric structures.
Purpose: Although lavender is purported to possess anxiolytic and sedative properties and is often recommended for relieving anxiety, the efficacy of lavender has not been well established. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of lavender aromatherapy. Methods: Ten data bases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2018. Randomized controlled trials investigating the anxiolytic effects of lavender aromatherapy with any type of application for persons with or without clinical anxiety were included. The outcome variables included selfrated anxiety, vital signs, and salivary cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) levels. In the meta-analysis, standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated as effect measures by applying the random effect model and inverse variance method. Results: Twenty-two trials met our inclusion criteria. Lavender aromatherapy was found to have favorable effects in relieving anxiety (Hedges'ĝ ¼ À0.65; 95% CI, À0.84 to À0.46) and decreasing systolic blood pressure (ĝ ¼ À0.22; 95% CI, À0.43 to À0.02), heart rate (ĝ ¼ À0.53; 95% CI, À0.74 to À0.32), and salivary cortisol (ĝ ¼ À1.29; 95% CI, À2.23 to À0.35) and CgA (ĝ ¼ À2.29; 95% CI, À3.24 to À1.34) levels. However, the meta-analysis did not reveal any significant effects of lavender on diastolic blood pressure (effect size: À0.17; 95% CI, À0.37e0.04). Conclusion: Aromatherapy using lavender oil might have favorable effects on anxiety and its physiological manifestations. Future studies are recommended with an emphasis on methodological quality. In nursing practice, it is suggested that lavender aromatherapy be included in programs intended to manage anxiety in patients across diverse healthcare settings.
The IL-32β-VEGF-STAT3 pathway represents an additional pathway that mediates the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells under the conditions of normoxia and hypoxia.
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