This study aimed to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of ginseng berry kombucha (GBK) fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Gluconobacter oxydans in in vitro and in vivo models. The antioxidant activity and oxidative stress inhibitory effect of GBK were evaluated in ethanol-treated human liver HepG2 cells. In addition, biochemical and behavioral analyses of ethanol treated male ICR mice were performed to confirm the anti-hangover effect of GBK. The radical scavenging activity of GBK was increased by fermentation, and the total ginsenoside content of GBK was 70.24 μg/mL. In HepG2 cells, in which oxidative stress was induced using ethanol, GBK significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes by upregulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Moreover, GBK (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in ethanol-treated mice. GBK significantly increased the levels of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The balance beam test and elevated plus maze test revealed that high-dose GBK significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced behavioral changes. Collectively, GBK exerted a protective effect against ethanol-induced liver damage by regulating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of standing and lateral cystograms for differentiation of intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) from urethral hypermobility (UH) causing stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Materials and Methods: 67 female patients with urinary incontinence undergoing measurement of the Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) were included. 14 patients with VLPP <60 cm H2O were operated for ISD causing SUI while 53 patients with VLPP >100 cm H2O were operated for UH causing SUI. Three radiologists compared the cystographic findings. Results: The changes in posterior urethrovesical angle (PUVA) between stress and resting states were 12 ± 7.5° in ISD causing SUI and 32.8 ± 12.7° in UH causing SUI, and showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). The beaking signs of the vesical neck on anteroposterior (AP) projection of the cystogram during a resting state were seen in 76% of ISD causing SUI. The difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.01). The existence of cystocele or the mean PUVA in two groups did not show a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: ISD should be considered in female patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence where there are changes in PUVA <20° on a lateral cystogram between a stress state and resting state in addition to the beaking sign of the vesical neck during a resting state.
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