AIM There is a lack of investigation into the functional developmental profile of children with Down syndrome. On the basis of current international health paradigms, the purpose of this study was to assess the developmental profile of these children.METHOD Sixty children (33 males, 27 females) with Down syndrome (age range 6-16y; mean age 9y 3mo, SD 28.8mo), who had received standard, holistic, early intervention, were assessed. Of these, 42 (70%) had congenital anomalies, 12 had severe congenital heart defects. Participants were assessed on measures of cognitive function (Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VisualMotor Integration; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale) and participation (Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales).RESULTS No difference was found on any measure on the basis of severity of congenital anomaly.Results showed improvements in age-related body function and correlations between specific body functions and participation. No decline in IQ was found with age, and significant correlations between IQ and all other measures were noted. Although sex differences were found in the body functions of short-term memory and motor function, no difference in measures of activity performance and participation was found.INTERPRETATION Our findings emphasize the need for paediatric Down syndrome intervention to encourage improved body functions while emphasizing the acquisition of functional skills that enable enhanced participation in age-appropriate activities.Down syndrome is the most common autosomal anomaly occurring in live births 1,2 and has been described as 'a syndrome-complex of genetic origin with protean neurobiological consequences, and several characteristic neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological manifestations'. 3 Resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, 4 Down syndrome is the most common single cause of mild, moderate and severe learning disability,* 1,5,6 with between 70% and 75% of individuals with Down syndrome attaining an IQ of between 25 and 50 by the end of the first decade of life. 3,7 A wide variety of frequencies is reported, but most report a range of 1 in 650 to 1000 live births. [1][2][3]8 When compared with the general population, individuals with Down syndrome experience a reduced life expectancy, but within the Down syndrome population, life expectancy is increasing. 9 There is a statistically significant difference between the survival of males and females with Down syndrome, in favour of males. 10,11 Clinically, individuals with Down syndrome present with a wide range of physical and anatomical characteristics, congenital malformations and a tendency towards specific medical conditions. 4,6,12 Medical paradigms have undergone major changes in recent years, and international measures of health now reflect the importance of participation and function on the health of individuals, communities and society. The World Health Organization has adopted the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), a biopsychosocial model that no longer measures the rep...
Background: a vitamin B 1 -deficient soy-based infant formula was marketed in Israel in 2003, exposing infants to clinical or subclinical B 1 deficiency. We investigated whether subclinical B 1 deficiency in early infancy had medical, neurodevelopmental, or cognitive effects at 3-5 y of age. Methods: a historical prospective cohort study was conducted consisting of four groups: "exposed, " consuming a B 1 -deficient soy-based formula exclusively for four consecutive weeks or longer; "control, " consuming no soy-based formula; "mixed, " consuming the formula nonexclusively or exclusively for less than four consecutive weeks; and "other, " consuming soy-based formulas other than Remedia. Participants were evaluated by medical examination, stanford-Binet (sB) intelligence test, sensory profile evaluation, and conners scales (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (aDD/aDhD)). results: Following adjustment for gender, age, and maternal education, there were no significant differences among the four groups on the mean sB scores, on the verbal and nonverbal scores, or in the proportion of children in each group with scores <90. a significantly higher proportion of exposed children as compared with control children had an impaired sensory profile and scores on the conners scales (aDD/aDhD), but these proportions were also high in the "other" and "mixed" groups. conclusion: The results do not support an association between subclinical B 1 deficiency in infancy and long-term development.
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