Obesity has become a significant problem for developing countries, including Indonesia. High duration of sedentary activity and high intake of unhealthy foods were associated with high risk of overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to compare the distributions of sedentary activity and dietary behavior with overweight/obesity risks between urban and rural areas among children and adolescents aged 10–18 years in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study. Data from a national survey in 33 Indonesian provinces (Basic Health Research /Riskesdas 2013) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) adjusted with all variables, such as age, gender, residency, education level, physical activity, and food intake. An urban–rural residence difference was found in the factors related to obesity. Daily caffeinated soft drinks and energy drinks consumption (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) were related to risk of overweight and obesity in urban areas. Daily grilled foods (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22–1.42) and salty food (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) consumption were significantly associated with obesity in rural areas but not in urban areas. Furthermore, sedentary activity was correlated with overweight and obesity among those who lived in urban and rural areas. Our findings suggest that education, environmental, and policy interventions may need to specifically target urban settings, where access is high to a wide range of processed and traditional high-sugar, high-fat snack foods and beverages.

Sedentary behaviors and dietary intake are independently associated with obesity risk. In the literature, only a few studies have investigated gender differences for such associations. The present study aims to assess the association of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake with obesity in men and women in a comparative manner. The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research 2013/RISKESDAS 2013). In total, 222,650 men and 248,590 women aged 19–55 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, physical activity card, and food card were used for the assessments. The results showed that the prevalence of obesity (body mass index of ≥27.5 kg/m2) was higher in women (18.71%) than in men (8.67%). The mean body mass index in women tended to be higher than in men. After adjusting for age and education, the gender effect on obesity persisted in women and was more significant than in men. There was also a positive and significant effect on obesity of sedentary behaviors and unhealthy foods intake. Moreover, fatty and fried foods displayed a positive multiplicative interaction, increasing obesity risk in women more than in men and indicating a possible dietary risk in in women in relation to obesity. The study suggests that the implementation of educational programs on nutrition and physical activity is particularly important for promoting a healthy body weight among Indonesian women.

Paparan iklan junk food dan pola konsumsi junk food sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya obesitas pada anak sekolah dasar kota dan desa 59 Paparan iklan junk food dan pola konsumsi junk food sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya obesitas pada anak sekolah dasar kota dan desa di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta ABSTRACT Background: Increasing prevalence of obesity may be caused by junk food advertised while children are watching television. Preference for foods requested by the children is much infl uenced by junk food advertisement, so that it can affect calori intake and correlates with obesity. Obesity in children can cause obesity during adulthood and may increase the risk of degenerative disease, like diabetes and cardiovascular. Objective: To analyze the level of risk exposure to junk food advertising and junk food consumption on the incidence of obesity in primary school children in elementary school children at the area of Yogyakarta Municipality and District of Bantul. Method: This study was an observational study with case-control design. The study population was elementary school children in the City of Yogyakarta and Bantul Regency. Cases were elementary school children who were obese, while the controls were children who were not obese and sat closest the cases regardless of age and sex. Number of subjects for each group were 244 (1:1). Obesity was defi ned as BMI / U>95th percentile curves NCHS/CDC. Sampling to fi nd obesity with probability proportional to size (PPS) and sampling for cases and controls using random sampling techniques. Univariate analysis of the data using frequency distributions, bivariate analysis using Chi-square, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression. Data were analyzed using STATA 11 program with a 95% signifi cance level and nutrisurvey. Result: Bivariate analysis using Chi Square shows the variables that infl uence the incidence of obesity, such as junk food ads exposure (OR=1.70, and p=0.004), junk food energy intake (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.08-2.32 and p=0.01), intake of saturated fat junk food (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.18-2.56 and p=0.004), sodium intake of junk food (OR=1.83, 95%CI: 1.25-2.69 and p=0.001) and sex (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.40-0.85 and p= 0.0035). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression showed that the variables affect obesity is junk food ads exposure (OR=1.63, . Conclusion : Exposure to junk food advertising can increase the risk of obesity. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Peningkatan prevalensi obesitas dapat disebabkan oleh iklan makanan junk food ketika anak menonton televisi. Pemilihan makanan yang diinginkan oleh anak banyak dipengaruhi oleh iklan tersebut, sehingga mempengaruhi asupan kalori dan berkorelasi dengan obseitas. Obesitas pada anak dapat menyebabkan obesitas saat dewasa dan dapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit degeneratif, seperti diabetes dan kardiovaskuler. Tujuan: Untuk mengukur tingkat risiko paparan iklan junk food dan konsumsi junk food terhadap kejadian obesitas pada anak SD di Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan...