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Ischaemic stroke at young age is an increasing problem in both developing and developed countries due to rising incidence, high morbidity and mortality and long-term psychological, physical and social consequences. Compared with stroke in older adults, stroke in young adults is more heterogeneous due to the wide variety of possible underlying risk factors and aetiologies. In this review, we will provide an overview of the global variation in the epidemiology of stroke in young adults, with special attention to differences in geography, ethnicity/race and sex, as well as traditional and novel risk factors for early-onset ischaemic stroke, such as air pollution. Understanding global differences is an important prerequisite for better region-specific prevention and treatment of this devastating condition.

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Background and Objectives:Causes of stroke in young adults differ from those in the elderly, and in a larger percentage no cause can be determined. To gain more insight in the etiology of (cryptogenic) stroke in the young, we investigated whether trigger factors, such as short-lasting exposure to toxins or infection, may play a role.Methods:Patients aged 18-49 years with a first-ever ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 17 participating centers in the Netherlands completed a questionnaire about exposure to nine potential trigger factors in hazard periods and on a regular yearly basis. A case-crossover design was used to assess relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by the Mantel-Haenszel case-crossover method, for any stroke (ischemic stroke and ICH combined) and for different etiologic subgroups of ischemic stroke.Results:1146 patients completed the questionnaire (1043 patients with an ischemic stroke, 103 with an ICH, median age 44.0 years, 52.6% men). For any stroke an increased risk emerged within one hour of cola consumption (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8) and vigorous physical exercise (RR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2-3.0), within two hours after sexual activity (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.5), within 4 hours after illicit drug use (RR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7-4.9) and within 24 hours after fever or flu-like disease (RR 14.1, 95% CI 10.5-31.2; RR 13.9, 95% CI 8.9-21.9). Four trigger factors increased the risk of other determined and cryptogenic ischemic stroke, three that of cardio-embolic stroke, two that of large vessel atherosclerosis and likely atherothrombotic stroke combined and stroke with multiple causes, none that of stroke due to small vessel disease.Discussion:We identified cola consumption, vigorous physical exercise, sexual activity, illicit drug use, fever- and flu-like disease as potential trigger factors for stroke in the young, and found differences in type and number of trigger factors associated with different etiologic subgroups of ischemic stroke. These findings might help in better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of (cryptogenic) stroke in the young.