Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geographical, climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017–2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di­(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfDAA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, respectively. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures.

Background: The campaign of a clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) in Indonesia continues to be conducted to improve the public health. During five years of monitoring (2012-2015) the highest PHBS rate in Southeast Sulawesi reached only 49.75% in 2013. While PHBS data in Labunia Village of Muna Regency reached only 7.71% in 2015.Objective: This study aims to determine the factors associated with the clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) of family in the Village of Labunia, regency of Muna, Southeast Sulawesi province of Indonesia.Methods: This was observational analytics with cross-sectional design study. The populations of the study were all household heads who lived in Labunia Village which were 293 households and 75 samples were selected using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Result: Of the total of respondents, 36% of family implemented PHBS and 64% of them did not implement PHBS. There were 16% of respondents had good knowledge, 48% of good attitude, and 45.3% of good actions in PHBS. Chi square test results obtained a significant correlation between knowledge, attitude and action in PHBS with p = 0.00 (0.05).Conclusion: There was a moderate correlation between knowledge, attitudes and actions towards the family clean and healthy living behavior in the Village of Labunia, regency of Muna, Southeast Sulawesi province of Indonesia.

Backgrounds: A cement industry is one of anthropogenic sources of air pollution. In polluting the air, the industry creates some dust particles, nitrogen oxide (NO2), sulfur oxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).Research Purpose: The research aims at finding out the ambient air quality around a cement industry and relating it with the lung capacity of people living around the area.Methodology: This research uses cross sectional studies by measuring the ambient air quality in the morning, noon, and evening in four different settlements within 3 km from the cement industry. The measurement is then correlated with the FEV1 and FVC of lung capacity of people living around the area.Result: Of all four locations, three have ambient air quality (PM2.5 = 109.47 µg/Nm3, TSP = 454.7 µg/Nm3) that surpass the quality standard (PM2.5 = 65 µg/Nm3, TSP = 230 µg/Nm3). Of 241 respondents, the average level of FVC and FEV1 is respectively 1.9352 liter (SD: 0.45578) and 1.7486 liter (SD: 0.43874). Furthermore, the level of PM2.5 in the morning and at noon is respectively p=0.009 and p=0.003; the level of TSP in the morning and at noon is respectively p=0.003 and p=0.01; the level of NO2 in the morning is p=0.006; the level of SO2 in the morning, at noon and in the evening is respectively p=0.000, p=0.022, and p=0.000; and the level of CO in the morning, at noon and in the evening is respectively p=0.003, p=0.015, and p=0.024. Those levels are associated with the level of respondents’ FEV1. Moreover, the level of TSP in the morning is p=0.024; the level of SO2 in the morning and in the evening is p=0.007. These levels relate to the level of respondents’ FVC.Keywords: FVC, FEV1, CO, NO2, SO2, TSP, PM2.5, cement industry.

Sumur gali merupakan tempat yang menyediakan air yang berasal dari lapisan tanah yang relatife dekat dengan permukaan tanah, oleh karena itu mudah terkena kontaminasi melalui rembesan yang berasal dari kotoran manusia, hewan, maupun untuk keperluan domestik rumah tangga.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan konstruksi septik tank dengan kandungan Escherichia Coli pada air sumur gali di Kelurahan Rahandauna, Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan Kuantitatif observasional dengan desain Crossectional Study, dengan jumlah sampel yaitu 35 unit sumur gali dan pengambilan sampel dilaksanakan pada bulan juli 2019. Parameter yang diukur adalah kandungan Escherichia Coli dalam MPN/100 ml. Kualitas air di bandingan dengan baku mutu yang ditetapkan oleh Permenkes No 416 tahun 1990 untuk air bersih, lalu dihubungkan kualitas air sumur gali dengan konstruksi tangki septik dan jarak.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa seluruh sumur gali terdapat kandungan Escherichia Coli yang melebihi baku mutu 0/100 MPN/ml. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik, didapatkan hubungan antara kontruksi dan jarak terhadap kualitas Escherichia Coli terhadap air sumur gali (p<0,05. Kesiompulan yang diperoleh adalah Ada hubungan konstruksi tangki septik dengan kandungan E.Coli air sumur gali ada hubungan jarak tangki septik  dengankandungan E.Coli air sumur gali. Kata Kunci: Kontruksi Tangki Septik, Sumur Gali,MPN. E.coli

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