Syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STI) caused by Treponema pallidum. Due to their high rates of morbidity and mortality, maternal and congenital syphilis are important public health issues in every country. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are around 5,6 million new infections worldwide each year, and Syphilis-positive pregnant women have to 80% chance of having a negative pregnancy outcome, such as a stillbirth or spontaneous abortion. Pregnant women typically don't get treated for syphilis at one or more prenatal visits. Because of this, it is necessary to have up to date understanding the effects of syphilis infection on maternal and newborn outcomes, as well as for guidelines for current syphilis treatment and care.
Keywords: Syphilis, Pregnancy, current treatment, Sexually transmitted diseases (STI), Treponema pallidum.
An uncommon but significant cause of ovarian hormone deficit and infertility in women is Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI). In addition to leading to infertility, POI is linked to many health problems, including troublesome menopausal symptoms, lower bone density and an increased risk of fractures, early cardiovascular disease development, a potential early reduction in cognition, and dry eye syndrome. It is essential to provide women with POI with the proper Hormone Replacement Treatment (HRT) to replace premenopausal levels of ovarian sex steroids and reduce the health concerns that come with them. Using HRT formulations that nearly resemble natural ovarian hormone production is advised in this evaluation. HRT should be continued until the typical age of natural menopause, 50 years old.
Keywords: Primary Ovarian Insufficiency, Hormone Replacement Treatment, Menopausal Symptoms
Preterm Birth is one of the main causes of infant mortality and morbidity worldwide. An estimated 15 million preterm births are birthed each year. Preterm Birth is not a single disease but a complex syndrome. The placenta's production of Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is one theory for Preterm Birth. The peptide hormone CRH, which levels rise exponentially during pregnancy, has been linked to preterm Birth due to its endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine functions. It has been suggested that CRH functions as a component of the placental clock, with preterm Birth occurring when the placental clock is activated too early. In this review article, we will discuss Preterm Birth and the role of CRH in Preterm Birth.
Keywords: Preterm Birth, Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), Placental clock
Vasa previa refers to the state of fetal vasculature running within the membranes covering the cervix and under the presenting region of the fetus without being shielded by the placenta or umbilical cord. Due to its membranous vessels, the risk of compression or rupture could result in fetal demise, exsanguination, or even death. The cause is unknown, although risk factors include placenta previa, velamentous cord insertion, bilobed or succenturiate-lobed placentas, multiple pregnancies, and IVF-related pregnancies. In this article, we'll present a single instance of vasa previa discovered after an ultrasound and physical examination performed on a patient 39 weeks pregnant who came with complaints of bleeding from the birth canal-like signs of labor.
Keywords: Vasa Previa, Pregnancy, Velamentous Cord Insertion, Bleeding, Fetal Demise
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