This study examines the relationships between the age at which female juvenile offenders receive their first sentencing and individual risk factors, family risk factors, and race. The individual risk factors include dropping out of school, physical abuse, sexual abuse, prostitution, substance abuse, gang involvement, poverty, pregnancy, and the existence of co-defendants. The family risk factors include parents' marital status, familial criminal activity, education level of parents, and receipt of public assistance. The results showed individual risk factors to have a statistically significant relationship with the dependent variable, age at first sentencing. Family risk factors did not have a statistically significant relationship to the dependent variable. Socio-demographic risk factors were found to be statistically significant only indirectly, through the individual risk factor scale.Stereotypes about female offending abound (Maher and Daly, 1996). For example, it is widely assumed that female offenders com- Volume 23 Number 11 2003Recent research illustrates the differences that exist between male and female offenders. For example, among juveniles diagnosed with severe conduct disorder, females and males differ in the on set period, patterns of behavior exhibited throughout adolescence, and adulthood (Silverthorn, Frick, and Reynolds, 2001). Similarly, significant differences exist among female and male offenders concerning education, measured intelligence, and marital status of parents (Danner, et al. 1996). These variations suggest that different risk factors lead juvenile males and females to become offenders.This study examines the underlying risk factors associated with criminal behavior of female juveniles. Three general types of risk factors will be considered: individual, family, and socio-demographic.
Examining the spatial and contextual features of race and ethnicspecific stop rates, this paper combines structural indicators of concentrated disadvantage and social disorganization with citizenpolice contact data on more than 61,000 police stops in the Miami-Dade area. While the existing race-biased policing literature tends to vary greatly in scope and analytical strategy, research that takes into account spatial dynamics coupled with neighborhood characteristics when examining police stop rates has yet to be offered. Furthermore, given the racial and ethnic diversity of the Miami-Dade communities, we assess the ofien neglected issue of police stops involving Hispanic drivers, in addition to those of whites and African Americans. Our spatial analysis, which allows us to account empirically for the theoretical likelihood that what occurs in one neighborhood is 'We would like to thank Geoffrey P. Alpert and John M. MacDonald for comments made on an earlier draft of this paper. We also acknowledge the Miami-Dade Police Department for their role in this research, although the opinions and comments made here are solely those of the authors. Please direct all correspondence to Karen Parker. Downloaded by [UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE LIBRARIES] at 02:05 17 November 2014 Journal of Crime &Justice influenced by nearby neighborhooak, reveals differences in spatial clustering of stops involving racial and ethnic goups. Spatial multivariate regression analysis shows that racial composition and levels of violence are the most consistent predictors of race and ethnic based stop rates. Additional analysis find that the effect of racial composition on stop rates is conditioned by community levels of violence. Our results show the importance of spatial analysis to understanding the racial and ethnic disparities in police stops at the macro-level.many U.S. cities, concentrating blacks and Hispanic immigrants into poor, disorganized urban communities. We examine the relationship between the spatial and contextual characteristics of neighborhoods and the rates that police stop different racial and ethnic groups when using a spatial multivariate regression technique. This technique allows us to Downloaded by [UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE LIBRARIES] at 02:05
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