This paper investigates the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on bilateral international migration. Building on a gravity model for migration, our econometric strategy controls for the multilateral resistance to migration and solves the zero migration flows problem by using a censored quantile regression approach. Further, the endogeneity problem of RTAs in migration settlement is addressed by using instrumental variable censored quantile regression. Our results suggest that the presence of a RTA stimulates the migration stocks among member countries. The pro‐migration effect of RTAs is magnified if the agreement includes also provisions easing bureaucratic procedures for visa and asylum among member countries. Finally, we find an asymmetric effect of RTAs across the quantiles of the distribution of migration settlements.
Este estudo avalia como as circunstâncias sociais influenciam o desempenho educacional dos alunos que prestam o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). Serão utilizadas duas estruturas teóricas. Inicialmente, adota-se uma abordagem não paramétrica assumindo o Roemer Identification Axiom, isto é, assumimos a independência entre circunstâncias e esforço. Em seguida, relaxa-se esta hipótese buscando mensurar o viés da omissão do esforço e do talento individual. O primeiro conjunto de resultados aponta forte diferencial no esforço empregado entre os tipos para obter um bom desempenho no ENEM. O resultado mais surpreendente é que o efeito indireto da educação da mãe é 2,36 vezes maior do que os efeitos diretos.
This study examines how social circumstances infuence the educational performance of students taking the National Secondary Education Examination (ENEM
This study measures unfair inequality in Brazil between 1995 and 2009. To achieve that, we used the statistical tool developed by Almås et al. (2011) and the concept of "responsibility-sensitive" fairness proposed by Bossert (1995), Konow (1996), andTungodden (2007). The results indicate that the fairness level in Brazil remained unchanged throughout the analyzed period .
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