The Cognitive Behavioral Driver's Inventory (CBDI) was analyzed for its ability to discriminate brain-damaged patients from intact subjects who feigned brain-damage. In a sample of 251 neurologically impaired patients and 48 malingering volunteers, the computer-administered distinguished most malingerers from genuine patients. A jackknifed count revealed that the CBDI had 90% sensitivity for detecting malingerers, and 98% specificity for detecting non-malingering brain damaged patients. Success was due to the inability of malingerers to avoid quantitative errors: excessive response latencies, unusual error rates, inflated variability in response latencies, and excessive within-subject, between-item variability. The computer-administered battery may be an effective clinical tool for identifying patients who malinger brain-damage in neuropsychological testing.
Investigated the active components of covert positive reinforcement (CPR) with a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design (N = 64) that consisted of an S-R modality (covert vs. overt) a reinforcement procedure (covert vs. overt), and a demand for expectancy of succesa (high vs. low). Posttreatment and follow-u results of the Behavioral Avoidance Test indicated that generally Ss in t ! e overt S-R modality groups approached closer to the rat than did those in the covert groups (N = 64). More i m ortantly, the S R modality >r: demand interactions reflected that those & in the two covert S-R modality groups under low demand evidenced less approach than those 8 s in the other six groups ( <.01). Self-ratin measures of anxiety on the Self-Rating Rat Anxiety &ale and the Fear fntensity Scale reflected overall decrements of fear from pretreatment to osttreatment and follow-up. Follow-up analyses indicated that plans shoulfl be made for the eneralization of treatment effects by varying the treatment setting and perfaps by employing multiple therapists.
Defending the proposed mental patient in civil commitment hearings forces the attorney to choose between two conflicting roles–-guardian ad litem versus adversary counsel. This article explores why the attorney must choose the adversary counsel position. In addition it lists a compilation of duties and responsibilities of counsel to assist him in his effective representation of the proposed mentally ill individual in civil commitment hearings.
Previous research has demonstrated the ability of the Cognitive Behavioral Driver's Inventory (CBDI) to detect neuropsychological malingering [Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 12 (5) (1997) 491.], however, the present study tests if the CBDI can discern malingerers when they are "coached" on how brain-damaged patients actually perform on neuropsychological tests. Ninety-eight college student participants were given financial incentive to fake brain damage on the CBDI. Fifty-three of these subjects were "coached" and 45 were not. The coached and uncoached subjects performed indistinguishably on the CBDI. Both types of malingerers were discernable from real brain-damaged patients (99.2% accuracy area under the sensitivity-specificity curve). Further, CBDI profiles of five actual plaintiffs judged to be malingering were compared to CBDI profiles of experimental subjects. In each case, the malingering plaintiff's CBDI profile was indistinguishable from that of malingering experimental subjects and was clearly discernable from that of actual brain-damaged patients.
While modern social learning theory has suggested the importance of situational expectancies in determining behavior, attempts to analyze or classify situations in terms of these variables have been lacking. To test the efficacy of clustering situations in terms of expectancies, 41 male inmates were administered one questionnaire which measured general situational expectancies and a second which measured response-specific situational expectancies. Factor analyses of questionnaire responses indicated two situational factors for the general measure and one factor for the response-specific measure. It is concluded that the measurement of situational expectancies may be useful for clustering situations and that the general measure of expectancies seemed more effective than the response-specific measure. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
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