One of the most important components of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the evaluation of the patient's soft tissue profile. The main purpose of this study was to develop soft-tissue cephalometric standards for Turkish men and women and compare them with the cephalometric standards of normal European-American white people. The sample included 96 Turkish adults (48 women, 48 men), aged 20 to 27 years. Turkish subjects have increased facial convexity associated with retruded mandible, more obtuse lower face-throat angle, increased nasolabial angle and upper lip protrusion, deeper mentolabial sulcus, and smaller interlabial gap compared with European-American white people. It is appropriate to consider these differences during routine diagnosis and treatment planning of a Turkish patient or an American patient of European ancestry. Turkish males reveal more obtuse mandibular prognathism and upper lip protrusion, and smaller nasolabial angle than females.

Objective:The aim of the this study was to evaluate the perception of smile esthetics and alterations in cases of gingival plastic surgery for correction of a gummy smile, by means of alterations in smile photograph among dentistry degree students.Materials and Methods:A frontal smile photograph of a 40-year-old woman having normal occlusion was used with diverse compositions of gingival exposure level and crown length of maxillary teeth. The eight photographs were evaluated by 216 dentistry students in five class groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th classes).Results:The results revealed that almost all of the class’ students perceived differences between images, additionally, the highest percentage of students that answered “no difference” was 12% at 1st class’ students. 1st and 2nd class’ students most liked photograph which is 2.5 mm gingival display and 3rd class students liked two different photographs which are 2.5 mm gingival display and 2 mm gingival display whereas 4th class students preferred two different photographs which are 1.5 mm gingival display and 1 mm gingival display, 5th class students preferred photograph which is 1.5 mm gingival display as the most.Conclusion:Esthetic perception of smile improve as a student passes to higher study classes in terms of gingival exposure. The harmonious display of gingiva exhibits an important effect in the smile esthetics rather than reduced or excessive display.

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The Purpose of the study is to determine whether there is a meaningful difference between the self-efficacy and self-efficacy perceptions of the footballers (gender, marital status, age and education level etc.) according to their personal qualities. The sample of the work consists of professional male and female soccer teams in Ankara. A total of 354 athletes from 10 male to 5 female soccer teams participated in the study. 128 female soccer players and 226 male soccer players participated. The majority of the athletes participating in the survey are between the ages of 19-23. ''Group Cohesion Scale'' developed by Hatem Ocel and Orhan Aydın (2006) and '' General Self-Efficacy Scale'' developed by Aysin Yesilay, Ralf Shcwarzer and Matthias Gersusalem (1995) were used in the research. Because of the obtained data did not show normal distribution, the nonparametric tests Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test statistics were used. According to the findings, "Group Cohesion and Self-Efficacy" perceptions differ significantly according to gender. Male participants (X =2,26) were found to have a higher "Group Cohesion" score than female participants (X = 2,08). It is also seen that male participants (X = 2,14) received "Self-Efficacy" scores higher than female participants (X = 1.96). According to the marital status variable, there was no significant difference in the perception of "Group Cohesion" and "Self-Efficacy". There was a significant difference between "Group Cohesion" scores according to age variable. As a result of the multiple comparison tests, the 15-18 age groups were found to score higher than the age group of 19 and above. According to the educational status variable, there was no significant difference between the scale scores of "Group Cohesion and Self-Efficacy".

Fusion is a developmental anomaly which occurs due to a union of one or more adjacent teeth during morpho-differentiation of the dental germs. Early diagnosis of this condition is important because it may cause clinical problems, such as esthetic concerns and arch asymmetry. These anomalies may be unilateral or bilateral and may affect either dentition, although the deciduous teeth are more commonly affected. This report describes a rare case of unilateral fusion between the mandibular permanent lateral incisors and the canine. Only few cases have been previously reported in the English literature. Hence this article aimed at reporting a case of this rare condition and evaluating the presence of any associated pathology.