The incidence of adverse events reported by patients was similar to that estimated by other procedures. The patient's concept of adverse events was different from that of the physician. The quality of communication from the physician influenced the patient's perception of adverse events, and the majority wanted adverse events to be disclosed. Patients emphasised emotional consequences of the adverse events. The majority supported system modifications to prevent adverse events and to sanction the physicians when an adverse event occurs.
The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of the history of public health for public health research and practice itself. After summarily reviewing the current great vitality of the history of collective health oriented initiatives, we explain three particular features of the historical vantage point in public health, namely the importance of the context, the relevance of a diachronic attitude and the critical perspective. In order to illustrate those three topics, we bring up examples taken from three centuries of fight against malaria, the so called "re-emerging diseases" and the 1918 influenza epidemic. The historical approach enriches our critical perception of the social eVects of initiatives undertaken in the name of public health, shows the shortcomings of public health interventions based on single factors and asks for a wider time scope in the assessment of current problems. The use of a historical perspective to examine the plurality of determinants in any particular health condition will help to solve the longlasting debate on the primacy of individual versus population factors, which has been particularly intense in recent times.
Medical pluralism and the uses of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) are phenomena of increasing interest in the international arena. The aim of this chapter is to comment on Spanish studies dealing with medical pluralism and CAM. We have only a few scattered anthropological studies, and some data from surveys in Catalonia. There is an urgent need to carry out studies to ascertain the level of medical pluralism in Spain in order to develop care policies which provide assurance to the population in this area.
tiempo (Toledo, 2001), pp. 43-73. spreading of educational messages to wide sectors of the population. In this sense Spain followed a path common to other countries. 4 In this article we analyse two films on child protection. 'Valencia, Protectora de la Infancia' [Valencia, Protector of Children], an almost hour-long, silent film produced in 1928, and the twenty-minute long "Vidas Nuevas' [New Lives], produced in 1936. Together with 'La Terrible Lección' [The Terrible Lesson], 5 also produced in 1928, and dedicated to the fight against venereal disease, these films were among the earliest examples of this type of health education medium that we have managed to retrieve in Spain. Other films on malaria 6 and tuberculosis 7 , which were produced at an earlier date, have not, as yet, been recovered. The film 'Malaria' (1925) was used in the Spanish Malaria campaign 8 but, as is widely known, this film was produced by the Rockefeller Foundation. 9 We have recovered another film produced by the Catalan government in 1935 to raise funds for the construction of childcare institutions, 10 but it is not analysed in this contribution. Although recorded production of public health films in Spain is well below the level of other countries 11 , we need to bear in mind that the Spanish film industry showed signs of 4 For a general account on the uses of media in health education see
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