The cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulatory effects and probiotic properties of 25 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented fish (pla-paeng-daeng) in Thailand were examined in the present study. Based on their phenotypic and genetic characteristics, LAB were identified as Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (Group I, 6 isolates), Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis (Group II, 1 isolate), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (Group III, 2 isolates), Companilactobacillus pabuli (Group IV, 4 isolates), Companilactobacillus farciminis (Group V, 5 isolates), Companilactobacillus futsaii (Group VI, 6 isolates), and Enterococcus lactis (Group VII, 1 isolate). Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PD3-1 and PD9-2 and Enterococcus lactis PD3-2 exhibited bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activities. The percentage of cholesterol assimilated by all isolates ranged between 21.40 and 54.07%. Bile salt hydrolase-producing isolates tolerated acidic and bile conditions and possessed adhesion properties. They also exerted immunomodulatory effects that affected the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2), and nitric oxide (NO). These isolates meet standard probiotic requirements and exert beneficial effects.
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment extensively used in various industries. Rhodotorula sp. CP72-2, isolated from Calotropis gigantea, showed potential astaxanthin production. In this study, strain CP72-2 was identified as a putative new species in the genus Rhodotorula based on the 26S rRNA gene sequence (98% identity). It was first used as the microbial source for producing astaxanthin. Strain CP72-2 was screened for its astaxanthin production and was identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. After a screening of astaxanthin production, various carbon sources, pH, temperature, and incubation period were evaluated for their effect on the astaxanthin production of strain CP72-2. Among the several experimental factors, the most efficient conditions for astaxanthin production were glucose (50 g/L), pH 4.5, 25 °C, and three days of cultivation. The assembly genome of strain CP72-2 has a total length of 21,358,924 bp and a GC content of 64.90%. The putative candidate astaxanthin biosynthesis-associated genes (i.e., CrtE, CrtYB, CrtI, CrtS, CrtR, CrtW, CrtO, and CrtZ) were found. This research presents the first report on the production and optimization of astaxanthin from strain CP72-2 and its genome analysis, focusing on the biotechnological potential of the astaxanthin producer.
Cancer, a condition caused by unregulated cell proliferation, has elevated the
global mortality rate that was rising on a daily basis. The treatments for cancer have
numerous adverse effects on patients’ lives. To enhance this treatment, probiotics and
their metabolites (postbiotics) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of
cancer. The mechanisms behind probiotic anti-tumor and/or anti-cancer actions are not
yet comprehended. Numerous studies demonstrate that probiotics are useful in cancer
prevention and treatment. The majority of which are involved in balancing microbiota,
producing essential compounds containing beneficial effects and anti-tumor and cancer
activity, preventing pathogen infection, modulating the host immunity, reducing
inflammation, and in alleviating the severity of some risk factors. Few studies advise
that they should not be used, emphasizing the risk of infection to patients. This chapter
provides an overview of skin cancer, skin microbiome, gut microbiome, and its
implications in skin cancer, as well as probiotic and postbiotic therapeutic approaches. <br>
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