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Despite an abundant use of the term "Out of the loop" (OOTL) in the context of automated driving and human factors research, there is currently a lack of consensus on its precise definition, how it can be measured, and the practical implications of being in or out of the loop during automated driving. The main objective of this paper is to consider the above issues, with the goal of achieving a shared understanding of the OOTL concept between academics and practitioners. To this end, the paper reviews existing definitions of OOTL and outlines a set of concepts, which, based on the human factors and driver behaviour literature, could serve as the basis for a commonly-agreed definition. Following a series of working group meetings between representatives from academia, research institutions and industrial partners across Europe, North America, and Japan, we suggest a precise definition of being in, out, and on the loop in the driving context. These definitions are linked directly to whether or not the driver is in physical control of the vehicle, and also the degree of situation monitoring required and afforded by the driver. A consideration of how this definition can be operationalized and measured in empirical studies is then provided, and the paper concludes with a short overview of the implications of this definition for the development of automated driving functions.

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Data from three experiments using the heavy-ion fusion evaporation-reaction 36 Ar+ 28 Si have been combined to study high-spin states in the residual nucleus 60 Ni, which is populated via the evaporation of four protons from the compound nucleus 64 Ge. The GAMMASPHERE array was used for all the experiments in conjunction with a 4π charged-particle detector arrays (MICROBALL, LUWUSIA) and neutron detectors (NEUTRON SHELL) to allow for the detection of γ rays in coincidence with the evaporated particles. An extended 60 Ni level scheme is presented, comprising more than 270γ-ray transitions and 110 excited states. Their spins and parities have been assigned via directional correlations of γ rays emitted from oriented states. Spherical shell-model calculations in the fp-shell characterize some of the low-spin states, while the experimental results of the rotational bands are analyzed with configuration-dependent cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations.

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