Background: antioxidants supplementation improves sperm quality, but few trials have analyzed the effects on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). This study compares the effectiveness of SOD-based antioxidant supplementation plus hydroxytyrosol and carnosol in reducing SDF with other antioxidants without SOD, hydroxytyrosol, and carnosol. Materials and methods: men with high SDF at baseline were selected in our clinical database. The patients taken into account had a 2-month control. SDF was measured by Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test (SCD). Untreated men were used as a control group. The remaining subjects received some oral antioxidant supplements (12 different combinations of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants), with some of them receiving nutritional support with a SOD-based antioxidant supplementation plus hydroxytyrosol and carnosol. Results: 118 men were selected for a retrospective study. Mean age 39.3 ± 5.4 years. Fifteen had no treatment, 55 were treated with a SOD-based antioxidant supplementation plus hydroxytyrosol and carnosol, and 48 took some antioxidant supplements for 2 months. Clinically, variations of at least 10% in baseline values of classic semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were taken into consideration. Classic seminal parameters did not vary significantly in the three groups, with the exception of viability (p = 0.001). We assessed which of the active substances (no. 19) in different formulations were associated with variations in SDF. In the multivariable analysis of the 7 active substances that passed the univariable analysis, only the SOD molecule appeared to be linked to an improvement in SDF (< 0.0001). In detail, only one patient in the control group showed a spontaneous improvement in SDF (6%), compared to 16/48 (33%) of those taking various oral antioxidant supplements, and 31/55 (56%) of those taking a SOD-based antioxidant supplementation plus hydroxytyrosol and carnosol. Conclusions: SOD-based antioxidant supplementation plus hydroxytyrosol and carnosol seems to provide a better chance of improving sperm DNA integrity than other classical antioxidant molecules.KEY WORDS: Sperm DNA fragmentation: Male infertility; Superoxide dismutase; Hydroxytyrosol; Carnosol. with pregnancy in natural cycles (1), intrauterine inseminations (2), and in-vitro procedures (3). SDF is also associated with recurrent miscarriage (4), both during in-vivo and in-vitro procedures. It is well known that SDF may be present in men with both normal and abnormal semen analysis (5) and that infertile men have higher proportions of sperm with DNA damage compared to fertile men (6). Cohen-Bacrie et al. (2009) (7) found elevated levels of sperm DNA damage in over 60% of men attending fertility clinics, with 30% being severe. Because conventional semen analysis is a poor predictor of sperm DNA damage (8), SDF assays have been suggested in selected cases of infertility, e.g. unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriages, and asthenoteratozoospermia. Abortive apoptosis, infection, defective sperma...
Background: Merkel-cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive skin cancer. The estimated annual incidence rate of MCC is increasing, and the mortality rate is considerably higher worse than that of cutaneous melanoma. The risk of MCC is higher in immunosuppressed patients and in those with other malignancies. Case representation: The present report is the first description of MCC associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in an immunocompetent patient with alcohol and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: This case supports the hypothesis of HCV systemic oncogenicity, suggested by previous reports describing an association of this virus with lympho-proliferative disease, gastrointestinal, kidney, and breast malignancies, even though a causal relation or mechanism have not been clearly established. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the impairment of immune system associated with advanced cirrhosis may also play a role, by allowing opportunistic viruses to initiate oncogenic pathways. This paper finally highlights the importance of the screening for skin and systemic disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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