Inverted Pendulum system is one of the most exciting problems in control theory. In this research work, a new variant of Grey Wolf optimizer (GWO) via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based on Adaptive Constants (AC) is proposed. The proposed technique (GWO/PSO-AC) is tested via twenty-three benchmark functions and compared to GWO based on PSO without adaptive constants (GWO/PSO). The suggested technique shows superiority in determining the optimal solutions for the well-established benchmark test functions with high computing performance compared to alternative techniques. The proposed GWO/PSO-AC technique, is employed to tune the parameters of the Variable Structure Adaptive Fuzzy (VSAF) controller in addition to the Reduced Linear Quadratic Regulator (RLQR) suggested by the authors. Both controllers are used to stabilize the cart position and to swing up the pendulum angle. The RLQR has an advantage over regular LQR, which is, the numberof the required parameters to obtain the required LQR gains is reduced. The proposed technique is compared with two optimization techniques. The proposed technique achieves high performance for both the cart position and the pendulum angle. The attained results are very promising.
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Cyclin D1 (CNND1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) are expressed in a plethora of neoplastic tissues.
Aim
The present work was conducted to examine the immunohistochemical expression of CNND1 and Cox-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma, compared with colonic adenoma to evaluate its association with various clinicopathological features.
Patients and methods
A total of 30 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases, 20 cases of colonic adenoma, and 10 normal colonic mucosal biopsies as controls were studied. Immunohistochemical technique was applied to detect CNND1 and Cox-2 expression and correlate them with clinicopathological findings.
Results
Both cytoplasmic high CNND1 and nuclear positive Cox-2 expression were significantly increased from normal colonic mucosa (0 and 10%, respectively) to CRC (80 and 83.3%, respectively) passing through colon adenoma (25 and 55%, respectively) (P≤0.001 for both). High CNND1 score was significantly related to lymph node spread and stage (P≤0.001 for both). A statistically significant difference was documented between Cox-2 and grade of differentiation (P=0.017), distant metastasis, and TNM stage (P=0.033, 0.003, respectively).
Conclusion
The present work suggests the oncogenic role of CNND1 and Cox-2 in CRC. Furthermore, overexpressions of CNND1 and Cox-2 are associated with poor prognostic factors, implicating their potentially prognostic role in CRC.
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