Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent an excellent option to solve microbial resistance problems to traditionally used antibiotics. In this work, we report optimized protocols for the production of AgNPs using extracts and supernatants of Trichoderma harzianum and Ganoderma sessile. AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the hydrodynamic diameter and Z potential were also determined. The obtained AgNPs were slightly larger using the fungal extract, and in all cases, a quasi-spherical shape was obtained. The mean sizes of AgNPs were 9.6 and 19.1 nm for T. harzianum and 5.4 and 8.9 nm for G. sessile using supernatant and extract, respectively. The AgNPs were evaluated to determine their in vitro antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined, and in all cases the AgNPs showed an antimicrobial effect, with a MIC varying from 1.26–5.0 µg/mL, depending on the bacterial strain and type of nanoparticle used. Cytotoxicity analyses of AgNPs were carried out using macrophages and fibroblast cell lines. It was determined that the cell viability of fibroblasts exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of AgNPs was more than 50%, even at concentrations of up to 20 µg/mL of silver. However, macrophages were more susceptible to exposure at higher concentrations of AgNPs as their viability decreased at concentrations of 10 µg/mL. The results presented here demonstrate that small AgNPs are obtained using either supernatants or extracts of both fungal strains. A remarkable result is that very low concentrations of AgNPs were necessary for bacterial inhibition. Furthermore, AgNPs were stable for more than a year, preserving their antibacterial properties. Therefore, the reported optimized protocol using fungal supernatants or extracts may be used as a fast method for synthesizing small AgNPs with high potential to use in the clinic.
Introducción: Las herramientas de estudio varían de acuerdo al acceso a la tecnología y presupuesto de la Facultad, en Anatomía el uso de modelos virtuales y videos en línea, son una realidad con cada vez mayor uso. Objetivo: Conocer las herramientas de estudio más utilizadas por alumnos que cursaron la materia de Anatomía General en cuanto a tiempo de estudio, tecnología de la información que utilizan, libros preferidos, uso de modelos anatómicos y utilidad de las disecciones. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo a los alumnos que cursaron la materia de Anatomía, aplicándoles un cuestionario para recabar información sobre sus herramientas de estudio, preguntándoles sobre el libro preferido, el tiempo en internet, la utilidad de los modelos anatómicos y las disecciones. Resultados: Se encuestó a un total de 225 alumnos respecto a la preferencia de los libros de Anatomía, 49% prefirió el libro de Anatomía Clínica de Moore, 33% Anatomía Humana de Latarjet, 10.5% Anatomía de Grey y 3.5% Anatomía Humana de Quiroz. Al encuestar el tiempo de uso en internet para el estudio en proporción horas/semana, 23.6% lo utilizó una hora, 24.9% dos horas, 19.6% tres horas y 29.3% más de tres horas. Respecto a las disecciones, el 97% consideró que las prácticas en anfiteatro son útiles como actividad complementaria. Referente a los materiales en clase, el 36% prefirió los modelos anatómicos como una adecuada herramienta, el 23% los videos, el 20% las imágenes, el 12% las exposiciones y el 9% las preguntas exploratorias. Conclusiones: Se debe orientar respecto a la búsqueda de información confiable y útil en internet para su mejor aprovechamiento; también se observó que dentro del aula prefieren el uso de modelos anatómicos como herramienta docente y que se continúa prefiriendo la disección cadavérica como actividad complementaria.
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