Retrieval Augment Generation (RAG) is a recent advancement in Open-Domain Question Answering (ODQA). RAG has only been trained and explored with a Wikipedia-based external knowledge base and is not optimized for use in other specialized domains such as healthcare and news. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of joint training of the retriever and generator components of RAG for the task of domain adaptation in ODQA. We propose RAG-end2end, an extension to RAG that can adapt to a domain-specific knowledge base by updating all components of the external knowledge base during training. In addition, we introduce an auxiliary training signal to inject more domain-specific knowledge. This auxiliary signal forces RAG-end2end to reconstruct a given sentence by accessing the relevant information from the external knowledge base. Our novel contribution is that, unlike RAG, RAG-end2end does joint training of the retriever and generator for the end QA task and domain adaptation. We evaluate our approach with datasets from three domains: COVID-19, News, and Conversations, and achieve significant performance improvements compared to the original RAG model. Our work has been open-sourced through the HuggingFace Transformers library, attesting to our work’s credibility and technical consistency.
Extracting emotions from physiological signals has become popular over the past decade. Recent advancements in wearable smart devices have enabled capturing physiological signals continuously and unobtrusively. However, signal readings from different smart wearables are lossy due to user activities, making it difficult to develop robust models for emotion recognition. Also, the limited availability of data labels is an inherent challenge for developing machine learning techniques for emotion classification. This paper presents a novel self-supervised approach inspired by contrastive learning to address the above challenges. In particular, our proposed approach develops a method to learn representations of individual physiological signals, which can be used for downstream classification tasks. Our evaluation with four publicly available datasets shows that the proposed method surpasses the emotion recognition performance of state-of-the-art techniques for emotion classification. In addition, we show that our method is more robust to losses in the input signal.
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