Introduction
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are nearly universal in cognitive disorders. The mild behavioral impairment construct postulates that NPS may be the first symptom of impending dementia.
Methods
Participants were cognitively normal volunteers followed up approximately annually at Alzheimer's Disease Centers, who were assessed on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and had at least one follow-up visit during which they were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Descriptive statistics were used to determine sequencing of NPS presence with cognitive diagnoses.
Results
Data were available for 1998 participants who progressed to MCI or dementia. Over 59% developed NPS before the diagnosis of any cognitive disorder. Depression and irritability were the most common NPSs to precede cognitive diagnoses (24 and 21%, respectively).
Discussion
NPSs precede a cognitive diagnosis in most people who develop cognitive decline, both MCI and dementia. These individuals are an important group to focus clinical and research efforts.
Rationale
Bone marrow (BM) cell therapy for ischemic heart disease (IHD) has shown mixed results. Before the full potency of BM cell therapy can be realized, it is essential to understand the BM niche following acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Objective
To study the BM composition in patients with IHD and severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD).
Methods & Results
BM from 280 patients with IHD and LVD were analyzed for cell subsets by flow cytometry and colony assays. BM CD34+ cell percentage was decreased 7 days after AMI (mean of 1.9% vs. 2.3-2.7% in other cohorts; p< 0.05). BM-derived endothelial colonies were significantly decreased (p< 0.05). Increased BM CD11b+ cells associated with worse left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after AMI (p< 0.05). While increased BM CD34+ percentage associated with greater improvement in LVEF (+9.9% vs. +2.3%, p=0.03, for AMI patients; and +6.6% vs. -0.02%, p=0.021 for chronic IHD patients), decreased BM CD34+ percentage in chronic IHD patients correlated with decrement in LVEF after cell therapy (-2.9% vs. +0.7%, p=0.0355).
Conclusions
In this study we show a heterogeneous mixture of BM cell subsets, decreased endothelial colony capacity, a CD34+ cell nadir seven days after AMI, a negative correlation between CD11b percentage and post-infarct LVEF, and positive correlation of CD34 percentage with change in LVEF after cell therapy. These results serve as a possible basis for the small clinical improvement seen in autologous BM cell therapy trials and support selection of potent cell subsets and/or reversal of co-morbid BM impairment.
Key Points
MYXV binds human T lymphocytes but does not enter and infect T cells until after activation. MYXV-infected T lymphocytes proliferate less and secrete less inflammatory cytokines but deliver oncolytic virus to augment GVM.
Moderate improvements in cardiac performance have been reported in some clinical settings after delivery of bone marrow mononuclear cells to patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, mechanistic insights into how these cells impact outcomes are lacking. To address this, the NHLBI Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) established a Biorepository Core for extensive phenotyping and cell function studies, and storing bone marrow and peripheral blood for 10 years. Analyzing cell populations and cell function in the context of clinical parameters and clinical outcomes, after cell or placebo treatment, empower the development of novel diagnostic and prognostics. Developing such biomarkers that define the safety and efficacy of cell therapy is a major Biorepository aim.
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