Wind tunnel experiments were performed, where the development of the wake of a model wind turbine was measured using stereo Particle Image Velocimetry to observe the influence of platform pitch motion. The wakes of a classical bottom fixed turbine and a streamwise oscillating turbine are compared. Results indicate that platform pitch creates an upward shift in all components of the flow and their fluctuations. The vertical flow created by the pitch motion as well as the reduced entrainment of kinetic energy from undisturbed flows above the turbine result in potentially higher loads and less available kinetic energy for a downwind turbine. Experimental results are compared with four wake models. The wake models employed are consistent with experimental results in describing the shapes and magnitudes of the streamwise velocity component of the wake for a fixed turbine. Inconsistencies between the model predictions and experimental results arise in the floating case particularly regarding the vertical displacement of the velocity components of the flow. Furthermore, it is found that the additional degrees of freedom of a floating wind turbine add to the complexity of the wake aerodynamics and improved wake models are needed, considering vertical flows and displacements due to pitch motion.
The first catalytic asymmetric methallylation of ketones is reported. The catalyst, which is generated from titanium tetraisopropoxide, H8-BINOL, 2-propanol, and tetramethallylstannane, reacts with ketones in acetonitrile to afford tertiary homoallylic alcohols in fair to excellent yields (55-99%) and fair to high enantioselectivities (46-90%). Ozonolysis of the resulting products provides access to chiral beta-hydroxy ketones, which are not readily prepared from direct asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with ketones.
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