Cancer is considered the second leading cause of death worldwide and in 2018 it was responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths. Globally, about one in six deaths are caused by cancer. A strong correlation was found between diabetes mellitus and carcinogenesis with the most evident correlation was with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research has proven that elevated blood glucose levels take part in cell proliferation and cancer cell progression. However, limited studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of conventional therapies in diabetic cancer patients. In this review, the correlation between cancer and diabetes will be discussed and the mechanisms by which the two diseases interact with each other, as well as the therapeutics challenges in treating patients with diabetes and cancer with possible solutions to overcome these challenges. Natural products targeting both diseases were discussed with detailed mechanisms of action. This review will provide a solid base for researchers and physicians to test natural products as adjuvant alternative therapies to treat cancer in diabetic patients.
The aim of this study was to assess the wound healing potential of Schinus molle L. aqueous and ethanol extracts. First, the antimicrobial activity of Schinus molle extracts was tested against six microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Citrobacter freundii). The growth of Citrobacter freundii and Enterococcus faecalis was totally inhibited by the aqueous extract at the lowest tested concentration (1.56 mg/mL). Next, in vitro wound healing assays were performed using human fibroblast cells' proliferation and scratch tests. Based on the obtained promising results, the aqueous extracts were further tested in an in vivo excision wound model in rats. Animals were treated with a hydrogel formula enriched with the plant aqueous extract in two different concentrations (2 % and 5 %). Re-epithelialization, fibrosis and neovascularization of the epidermis and sub-epidermal cells in the regenerated tissue was observed, accompanied by an increase in the tensile strength of the skin of the rats treated with the plant aqueous extract when compared to the negative control group. Our results strongly support the use of Schinus molle aqueous extracts in topical formulations to promote wound healing.
Background: Nowadays, the pharmacological activities of many natural phytochemicals have a huge impact on pharmaceutical research and drug development. Hence, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate plants' efficacy, fractions, and isolated pure compounds to discover new therapeutic agents. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the potential activity of coriander essential oil (CEO) on bacterial biofilm and immune cells. Methods: CEO has been extracted from the seeds through the hydrodistillation method, and its chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antibacterial activity of CEO was assessed using different bacterial strains (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli), both in planktonic and biofilm forms. In addition, this activity has been investigated individually and in combination with selected antibiotics (Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin), using the bacterial enumeration following the MBEC Assay® protocol. Pyocianin (PYO) has been measured using a plate reader on 690 nm absorbance, where wells tested were treated with different CEO concentrations (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). An MTT assay was also used to examine the CEO'seffect on the viability of RAW 246.7 murine macrophages. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 software. Results: Six major compounds were identified in CEO; Linalool was the most predominant. Regarding the activity of the CEO on planktonic bacteria, cell count was obtained and calculated as log reductions; significant log reductions (p<0.05) were measured on 300 mg/mL of CEO for all P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli, 2.00, 6.73, 6.93 and 7.68 respectively. While for the bacterial biofilm, a significant (p<0.05) log reduction in the cell count was obtained at 300 mg/mL of CEO for all of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli, 2.22, 5.33, 5.83 and 6.76, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the combination of antibiotics Gentamicin (0.60, 0.15, 1.22, 0.3 µg/mL) or Ciprofloxacin (0.075, 0.03, 0.004 and 0.002 µg/mL) for all P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli, respectively, with 50 mg/mL of CEO on planktonic and biofilm bacteria. PYO measurements obtained showed anti-quorum sensing activity of CEO, the absorbance detecting PYO levels, was decreasing as the concentration of CEO was increasing, absorbances were (0.66, 0.075, 0.097 and 0.11), whereas the control of P. aeruginosa was (0.124). On the other hand, the antibacterial/antibiofilm concentrations were cytotoxic (percentage of viability <80%) to macrophages and the safe level was (0.30 mg/mL) of CEO. Conclusion: These results indicated that CEO may have a promising role in bacterial biofilm eradication, which may help manage and prevent chronic infections in the future. However, more investigations are required to understand the exact mechanism and improve its safety on immune cells.
Food supplemnts such as vitamin D3 and omega-3 have a significant impact on controlling pathogens. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of combined vitamin D3 and omega-3 against selected pathogens. Minimum inhibitory activities of different serial dilutions of vitamin D3 (1.8 µM-216.6 µM) or omega-3 (0.8 mM-110 mM) or combined (vitamin D3: 0.8 µM -108.2 µM and omega-3: 0.3 mM -55 mM) have been investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. All the tested concentrations of vitamin D3 and omega-3 as a separate treatement were significantly different from the positive control in terms of microbial log-reduction. The highest concentration of vitamin D3 demonstrated a complete eradication of the tested microorganisms. Conversely, omega-3 had a lower effect on them. Combining 27 µM vitamin D3 and 13.5mM omega-3 resulted in ~ 0.4 to 0.6 log reduction of S. aureus, E.coli, P. aeuregnosa and C. albicans. On the other hand, C. albicans had 1.1 log reduction at a combination of 108.4 µM vitamin D3 and 55 mM of omega-3. Proposed mechanisms of the lowered antimicrobial activity when using the combination are discussed. These findings showed decreased antimicrobial effect of the combination and suggest a similar in vivo study to evaluate wheather taking the combination together or not.
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