Las Pteridófitas de Chile continental están representadas por 116 especies nativas (43 géneros, 20 familias), y en Argentina continental por 346 (86 géneros, 27 familias). Ambos países comparten 89 especies (41 géneros, 20 familias). La menor diversidad pteridofítica y el mayor endemismo en Chile (11,2 %) que en Argentina (3,5 %) están relacionados probablemente con extinciones históricas y su actual aislamiento geoclimático. Sin embargo, se destaca que el endemismo en los helechos es cinco a seis veces menor que en Angiospermas. Los géneros con más especies en Argentina son Thelypteris (34), Asplenium (32), Cheilanthes (21), Blechnum (19) e Hymenophyllum (16). Los dos últimos también son los más diversificados en Chile (Hymenophyllum, 18 y Blechnum, 10). En la región estudiada la diversidad muestra incrementos latitudinales opuestos, concentrándose en tres centros, dos subtropicales en el noroeste y noreste de Argentina y uno templado-lluvioso en el sur argentino-chileno alrededor de los 40º latitud sur. Los tres centros de diversidad concentran el 93 % de las especies y el 95 % de los endemismos, compartiendo pocas especies entre ellos. En los centros subtropicales las familias Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae y Selaginellaceae son sus componentes más importantes, y comparten un gran número de especies con Bolivia y Brasil, respectivamente. El centro templado sur tiene una menor diversidad pteridofítica, pero se hallan en él mayor cantidad de endemismos (77 %) que en los centros subtropicales, a consecuencia de un fuerte aislamiento. Sin embargo, presenta altos índices de similitud e intercambio florístico entre ambas vertientes de Los Andes. Allí las Blechnaceae y Hymenophyllaceae son las familias mejor representadas. Los taxa que presentan una distribución disyunta encontrándose en los tres centros de diversidad, nos indican que la pteridoflora del Cono Sur fue históricamente más extensa y continua, y que sus límites han retrocedido a causa de los impactantes cambios climáticos y geomorfológicos que sucedieron durante el Terciario y el Pleistoceno.
Diversity of ferns and lycophytes from Reserva Natural Punta Lara, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Punta Lara Natural Reserve shelters the relict of the Southernmost riparian forest in the world, where the flora is threatened by the anthropic expansion and by the introduction of exotic species. In this area the ferns and lycophytes grow in particular environments as marshland, grassland and marginal forest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity of ferns and lycophytes that inhabit in Punta Lara Natural Reserve. Field trips were conducted from 2006 to 2009 and local herbaria and specific bibliography were also revised. As a result of our study twenty four taxa of ferns and lycophytes were recognized. Their habit was mainly terrestrial (70%), fewer aquatic (17%) and epiphytic (13%). Five native taxa were scarcely recorded whereas two native species previously documented were not found. We assume that the main threats on ferns and lycophytes populations in Punta Lara Reserve are: removal for comercialization, invasion by exotic species and climatic fluctuations (drought periods). Keys for taxa identification are given and strategies for the conservation of threatened taxa are proposed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1037-1046. Epub 2011 September 01.
The number of species recognized loi this genus varies ,|, i ,,m authors from one to four. The goal of this work was to provide a systematic revision of the genus Salpichlaena in order to contribute to the knowledge of the fern biodiversity in America. For this purpose morphological, anatomical and palynological characters were analyzed in material from the geographical distribution of Salpichlaena. Herbarium spn imens were Invited according to the standard techniques for LM and SEM studies. The type specimens and the original descriptions were consulted to determine the applications of names. Two species are recognized, S. volubilis (Kaulf.) }. Sm. and S. hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston. Salpichlaena hookeriana differs from S. volubilis by pronounced foliar dimorphism (the fertile pinnules are much reduced), the presence of foliar buds on sterile basal pinnules, ovate costular scales and the presence of glandular hairs on the abaxial surface of the costa. The spores are monolete in both taxa, with rugulategranulate perispore and superficial spherules. Salpichlaena volubilis is widely distributed in Central and South America, from Guatemala and Caribbean Islands, up to southern Brazil and Bolivia, across a wide altitudinal range of 200 to 1900 Colombia. Venezuelan Guyana, Suriname, British Guia altitudes up to 800 m. The diagnostic characters, illu species are given.
The structure of root and rhizome tracheary cells of Asplenium spp. (Filicales, Pteridophyta) growing in NW Argentina was studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all cases, tracheary cells consisted of tracheids with various facets, mainly with scalariform pitting. With SEM, intertracheary pit membranes appeared smooth and non porose in most cases. In some instances, porose or web-like to thread-like pit membranes were noticed in rhizome tracheids. Under TEM secondary walls displayed a smooth and uniform appearance. Pit membranes showed a variation in thickness in presumed association with their maturation stage. More mature tracheary cells showed pit membranes with a mesh-like aspect and visible openings or pores. These characteristics are attributed to pit membrane hydrolysis, which facilitates water transport among tracheary cells.
The morphology of the tra (Blechnaceae) were analyzed by means of L maceration and sectioning. Under SEM macerated tracheary elements from roots, rhizomes and leaf rachises showed large scalariform perforations lacking pit membranes, thus constituting apparent p( 1 t o pi t i. The perforations showed terminal as well as lateral positions. "Multiple endwall" and " exhibited mostly i degree of pit membrane perforations were registered in both macerated and sectioned material, thus suggesting the existence of "incipient vessel elements". According to our observations macerations produce alterations in the xylem tissue, which can lead to misinterpretations.
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