Foram caracterizadas antigenicamente amostras de Salmonella isoladas de aves (portadoras e doentes) provenientes de diversas regiões do país durante o período de 1962 a 1991. Nas 2123 culturas analisadas foram reconhecidos 90 sorovares, distribuídos em 14 sorogrupos com predominância dos grupos O:9 (40,0%), O:4 (33,3%), O:7 (10,6%) e O: 3,10 (6,7%). A maior diversidade de sorovares foi reconhecida no sorogrupo O:7 com 22 tipos distintos, secundado por O:4, O:3,10 e O:9, constituídos de 19, 15 e 10 sorotipos, respectivamente. No computo geral, foi determinada a média de 10,8 sorovares isolados por ano. Os sorovares classificados como muito frequentes nos três decênios, representando 65 a 67%, dos isolamentos, foram S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum, S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg, S. Enteritidis e S. Infantis. Considerações de natureza bacteriológica e epidemiológica foram discutidas em relação a alguns dos sorotipos prevalentes.

The present study revealed that integron-mediated resistance genes contributed to the multiresistance phenotype observed in the isolates, but most resistance genes were located outside the integron structure, as independent genes. However, they might be located on the same conjugative plasmid.

In Brazil, Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis resistant to various antimicrobials, including cephalosporins, has been identified as an etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in hospitalized children since 1994. In this study, 35 serovar Infantis strains, isolated from children admitted to four different Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, hospitals between 1996 and 2001, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in order to determine their genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Thirty-four serovar Infantis strains were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes, and all 35 strains were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, cephamycin, and carbapenem. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) screening by double-disk diffusion indicated that 32 serovar Infantis strains (91.4%) produced betalactamases that were inhibited by clavulanic acid. Antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were determined by PCR for a subset of 11 multidrug-resistant serovar Infantis strains, and putative ESBLs were detected by isoelectric focusing. Ten serovar Infantis strains carried bla TEM , catI, ant(3؆)Ia and/or ant(3؆)Ib, sulI and/or sulII, and tet(D) genes as well as an integron-associated aac(6)-Iq cassette. Eight strains possessed at least four different beta-lactamases with pI profiles that confirmed the presence of both ESBLs and non-ESBLs. Our PFGE profiles indicated that 33 serovar Infantis strains isolated from Rio de Janeiro hospitals came from the same genetic lineage.

Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of Salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products from different regions in Brazil between 2007 and 2011. These isolates were submitted unsolicited to the National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteroinfections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. The prevalent Salmonella enterica serogroups were O:4 (B) (28.9%), O:9 (D1) (22.3%), O:21 (L) (15.9%), and O:7 (C1) (14.3%); the most prevalent serovars were Enteritidis, Minnesota, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 1,234 strains indicated that 54.5% were resistant to up to eight antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug resistance (three or more classes) was observed in 16.4% of the strains, with 190 distinct patterns. The results showed increased resistance to ampicillin (12.4 to 18.9%), tetracycline (≈ 15.2 to ≈ 18.9%), and gentamicin (f7.0 to ≈ 9.6%) during the study period. Decreased resistance to nitrofurans (61.9 to 9.2%), quinolones (44.4 to 15.5%), and folate inhibitors (11.7 to 7.2%) was observed. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 5.5% of the strains throughout the study period; resistance to fluoroquinolones has been observed in 0.3% of the strains since 2009. These findings highlight the importance of surveillance along the food chain for detection of altered patterns among foodborne zoonotic bacteria that are important to public health.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physical inactivity and anthropometric measures in schoolchildren from Paranavaí-Parana, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey, carried out in July and August 2013. Sample of 566 students (287 boys and 279 girls) from 6th to 9th grade, aged 10 to 14 years, from public and private schools of Paranavaí - PR, Southern Brazil. The variables analyzed were: time of weekly physical activity through a questionnaire (physical inactivity <300 minutes/week), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). In the statistical analysis, the U Mann-Whitney and Student's t tests were used for comparison between genders. To identify factors associated with insufficient levels of physical activity, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied and expressed in Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: There was an association between physical inactivity and anthropometric measurements for BMI (p<0.001) and WC (p<0.001), with a prevalence rate of 56.1% and 52.7% of inactive adolescents, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, there was significant association of physical inactivity and overweight (OR 1.8, 95%CI: 1.1-3.0) and with increased waist circumference (OR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.4-3.8). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate levels of physical activity is a determining factor for overweight and abdominal adiposity. Accordingly, preventive measures should be taken, especially in schools, emphasizing the importance of exercise for body composition control and weight reduction.

SUMMARY272 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (111 isolated from frozen broiler chicken carcasses, 126 from human food and other biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 35 from different poultry materials) were selected for phage typing. From these, 111 were phage typed, 57.65% being classified as phage type 4, 32.43% as phage type 4a, 3.60% as phage type 6a and 0.90% as phage type 7, whereas 5.40% samples were not phage typeable. The predominance of phage type 4 is in agreement with the results published worldwide, and reinforces the need for studies related to the epidemiological meaning of these findings.

The presence of faecal contamination and pathogenic microorganisms in samples of dry and wet sand collected from three major beaches in Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil: (Praia do Mucuripe, Praia do Futuro and Praia do Caça e Pesca), during the period of May 1999 to January 2000 was evaluated. Praia do Caça e Pesca had the highest incidence of E. coli in dry sand (56%) followed by Praia do Mucuripe (28%) and Praia do Futuro (16%). In wet sand, results were 48%, 28% and 24% for Praia do Caça e Pesca, Praia do Futuro and Praia do Mucuripe, respectively. Only two samples from Praia do Futuro, one from dry sand and another one from wet sand, were positive for Salmonella. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from four samples from Praia do Caça e Pesca (two from dry-sand samples and two from wet-sand), one from Praia do Futuro (wet sand), and three and four from Praia do Mucuripe (wet and dry sand, respectively). Yeasts belonged to the Candida genus. Dry-sand samples presented higher yeast contaminations level than wet-sand ones. Praia do Futuro had the highest level of yeast contamination (41%), followed by Praia do Caça e Pesca (33%) and Praia do Mucuripe (26%).

Foram caracterizadas antigenicamente amostras de Salmonella isoladas de matérias-primas e de ração para aves em 1976 e durante doze anos consecutivos (1979-1991). As 2293 culturas analisadas provieram de sete regiões distintas do país e possibilitaram o reconhecimento de 151 sorovares, classificados bioquimicamente nas subespécies I (99,6%) IIIa (0,33%) e IV (0,04%), respectivamente. Os sorovares identificados se distribuiram por 17 sorogrupos, com predominância de O:7 (30,4%), O:4 (24,5%), O:3,10 (19,1%), O:13 (7,8%), O:1,3,19 (4,9%) e O:18 (3,7), que representam 90% dos grupos sorológicos caracterizados e constituídos de 103 (68,2%) sorotipos. Dentre os dez sorovares mais frequentemente reconhecidos citam-se S. Montevideo, S. Senftenberg, S. Havana, S. Mbandaka, S. Tennessee, S. Infantis, S. Agona, S. Anatum, S. Cerro e S. Bredeney. Alguns aspectos de caráter epidemiológico foram discutidos, envolvendo particularmente, determinados sorotipos e inclusive confrontando-se os resultados obtidos com aqueles oriundos de investigação conexa em aves.