Background: The decreasing of mortality rate is one of the most important goals in every intensive care unit (ICU). This study was performed to determine the main causes of admission and mortality rate in our referral pediatric ICU (PICU). Methods: In this retrospective study, all patients (age-group, 1 month-16 years) admitted to the PICU in one year were included and patients with less than a 3h duration of admission, multiple traumas, and post-surgery patients were excluded. Results: Among the 688 patients enrolled in the study, 55.6% were male and the mean patient age was 2.7 years. The most common causes of admission were pneumonia (22.9%), bronchiolitis (8.6%), and septicemia (7.9%). The mean duration of hospitalization was 3.3 days and the mortality rate was 16.5%, with a mean age of 2.2 years and 51.8% male. The most common causes of overall mortality were pneumonia (21.6%) and septicemia (16.2%), however, mortality was more common in patients admitted with septicemia (36.6%), liver failure (31.6%), chronic renal failure (28.6%), and meningitis (27.3%). Patients who had undergone intubation before admission, decreased level of consciousness, and prolonged duration of hospitalization were significantly correlated with the mortality (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the respiratory failure and severe infections are the most common causes of admission and mortality in the PICU and very young children are at risk of high incidence of mortality.

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Formation of the concept of embodiment in the contemporary philosophy and neuroscience, and elaborating and developing of it in recent century, open a lot of approaches up in different fields; one of them is educational sciences. As the theory is revolutionary, its employment in other fields would be revolutionary necessarily. Yet theories related to embodiment and knowledge take many different forms and have many different theorists and schools. In this paper, having Gilles Deleuze's doctrines in mind, especially the concept of rhizome, we try to elicit his doctrines about embodiment. Thus, doctrines of one of important contemporary philosophers would be related to one of most important contemporary theories. Then, we will apply the results to education. This paper, in fact, has two main parts: first, Deleuze and embodiment, and second, applying it to education. In the latter, a few elements of education, i.e., the role of student, the class and school, would be seen in the light of what is come from the former.

Background: Studying medicine consumption is a significant parameter in the estimation of the health caresystem of a country. This study evaluates the amount of medicine consumption in the mega cities of Iranand indentifies individual factors that influence this consumption.Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey of public medicine consumption was directed at randomsamples that counted 628 persons of fifteen years and older in several public places in the mega cities ofIran. The data were collected through questionnaires administered at the public vaccination department ofthe Pasteur institute of Iran in Tehran, and in other public places in Esfahan. A multiple regression modelwas utilized to analyze individual information.Results: Our results showed that 59.4% of the respondents were current medicine consumers. Women usedmedicines less frequently. The rates of medicine consumption among the surveyed population, for dailyand weekly-monthly consumption, were 21.8% and 37.6% respectively. In Iran, it emerged that 52.4% ofthe respondents obtained their medicines, such as acetaminophen antibiotics, and pain-killers, without aprescription.Conclusions: the study clearly showed that more than 53% of the medicine consuming persons undertakeself-treatment. Three factors gender, age and income level are the main factors influencing medicinesconsumed without physicians’ prescription in the mega cities of Iran.

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