Renewable energy sources (RES) are gradually becoming one of the key elements in the process of achieving energy efficiency worldwide. This trend can be observed in many developed Western economies—for example, in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. Hence, the role of innovative policies for promoting energy efficiency is becoming crucial in transition to the post-carbon economy. The shift to the carbon-free future make all actors to face forgoing commitments Nevertheless, customers and residential households are the first and the most important players in the pursuit of the energy-efficient future. Without them, carbon-free economy based on RES would never take the shape as envisaged. Our paper focuses on the innovative strategies and policies studying the effect and the scope of RES penetration into the households. We employ and empirical analysis of the effects from using RES in households using an example of the residential households in the northwest region of the United Kingdom (UK) with and without solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and electric vehicles (EV). We analyse the four scenarios that are aimed at analysing the system dynamics and providing differentiation between systems in terms of the varying values of the gross demand, tariffs, metered import, and the total revenue. Our results demonstrate that the solar PV leads to the transfer of costs and wealth regardless of the ownership of PV and EVs. Solar energy generation reduces the share of UK solar PV households per kWh costs of the distribution system which causes the augmenting of the per unit charges as well as to the changes in payments for the electricity that impoverishes less wealthy customer groups. It also becomes clear that with the increase of EV penetration, the existing energy efficiency schemes would have to be revised.
A possibility to reduce costs incurred in both product manufacturing and energy consumption constitutes energy-efficient consumption at industrial enterprises. Manufacturers operating in various economic sectors adopt similar conceptual models of energy consumption, which allows developing a universal solution for modeling such processes. The central problem of modeling lies in finding an adequate objective function based on a sufficient set of parameters and characteristics of the efficiency of an enterprise's power circuit. The article justifies the performance indicators of industrial enterprises' power supply systems. The literature review proves that economic feasibility of energy efficiency is especially obvious if a massive modernization program is implemented. The estimates produced indicate that the largest portion of the potential energy savings is attributed to implementation of energy-saving projects in industrial buildings and other structures. We present a mathematical model designed to perform a comparative analysis of technical and economic features of two modernization scenarios of the heat and power supply system of an industrial enterprise circuit. Performing a simulation calculation based on performance aspects of Russian companies, the paper outlines the advantages of integrated modernization and analyzes the influence of various factors. The results reveal that there is an inverse correlation between specific heat consumption of buildings under thermal modernization and the length of the thermal network. As specific energy consumption in the thermal modernization scenario increases, the payback period for capital investments decreases. The effect of this dynamics is virtually proportional. Compared with total costs for various heat sources, the share of capital costs differs significantly; however, the share of running costs is dominant for all types of units. At the same time, the length of an enterprise's heat circuit weakly affects the payback period of capital costs.
The article presents the analysis of the quality, technological properties of milk and its cheese suitability. The object of research was milk-raw materials obtained from the following breeds of cattle-red and white, Holstein and Simmental. The choice of cattle breeds is not accidental, as the animals of these breeds are mainly used for the production of raw milk in the Voronezh region. During the determination of the quality of milk organoleptic (taste, smell, color and consistency), physical (acidity, density) indicators and chemical (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, skimmed milk solids), technological (thermal stability of the alcoholic sample, rennet coagulability) properties were determined.
Renewable energy has become a promising way to meet growing energy needs in the society. However, operation of power supply systems based on renewable energy sources (RES) depends on a number of uncontrolled factors. This imposes certain restrictions on applications and causes applicationrelated challenges. At this point, the search for the best combination of applied energy sources has been still a key issue. Methodological approaches to the solution to this problem are diverse. The idea of our research is the application of tools from economics and mathematics to measure the best mutual substitution of energy resources in the production facility local power supply system. Authors have considered the possible application of RES through the example of the Russian-based production facility typical in terms of average power consumption and size. Authors chose a solar power plant as a RES. From the simulation results, authors conclude that when using RES, in terms of gross figures, there is about 20-25% less consumption. This makes it possible to achieve the balanced energy consumption from traditional sources throughout a production cycle. Our calculations have showed that, depending on the seasonal prevalence, it is possible to reduce average daily costs for power (in case of compensation from RES) by about 15.75% in the first season, 37.04% in the second season, and 25.44% in the third season. As for time period, in the second season, in the half-peak period (43.68%), we achieve the highest saving, while the lowest saving in the half-peak period of the first season (1.22%). Thus, the application of the solar power plant as a part of the local power supply system of the production facility makes it possible on average to achieve the 13% less energy consumed from centralized sources. It is safe to say that the application of combined sources of power in local power supply systems of production facilities is economically feasible to compensate for peak and half-peak loads. Authors have concluded that the potential of RES at the enterprise might be only developed as that of an additional energy resource and full substitution is impossible.
The article describes the milk productivity of the main genealogical lines of cows of the Voronezh type of red-mottled dairy breed of cattle bred in the Voronezh region, taking into account the linear affiliation. A sample of cows produced breeding plants area of PZ “Druzhba” and PZ “Bolshevik”. Analyzing the results of milk production and longevity of livestock, paid attention to the number of cows on lactations; percentage of disposal to 1 lactation; milk yield for 305 days of lactation, kg; milk yield of average productivity for 305 days of lactation, kg; average age of cows in lactations; lifetime productivity of cows, kg.
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