To compare the outcomes in patients who have been treated with flexible ureterorenoscopy (f-URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in managing stone-bearing caliceal diverticula. Between April 2007 and October 2013, we performed a retrospective analysis of 54 evaluable patients (28 women and 26 men) with symptomatic stone-bearing caliceal diverticula, who underwent PNL (n = 29) or F-URS (n = 25) in four referral hospitals in Turkey. The groups were compared with respect to demographics, stone location/size, success rate, stone-free status, symptom-free status, complication rates, and hospital stay. The average stone burden preoperatively was significantly larger in patients who were treated with PNL, with the average size for f-URS being 154 ± 77 mm(2) and that for PNL being 211 ± 97 mm(2) (p = 0.023). Symptom-free rates, success rates, stone-free rates and clinically insignificant residual fragments were similar between the groups (p = 0.880 vs. p = 0.537 vs. p = 0.539, and p = 0.877, respectively). There was no statistical difference between the groups for minor complications (p = 0.521) but no major complication (Clavien III-V) occured in the f-URS group; although there were three major complications (10.3 %) (Clavien III) in the PNL group (p < 0.001). Hospitalization time per patient was 1.04 ± 0.20 days in the f-URS group, while it was 3.86 ± 1.94 days in the PNL group (p < 0.001). Even though this study clearly shows that both techniques have high overall success and symptom-free rates with similar complication rates for stone-bearing calyceal diverticulum, major complication rates may suggest consideration of the invasiveness of PNL. The f-URS procedure is advantageous with respect to a shorter hospital stay and absence of major complications. Therefore, it should be emphasized that the location of the stone and diverticula is an important factor for the selection of the procedure.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in patients with horseshoe kidneys (HSKs) remains poorly studied. The present study aimed to assess clinical success and stone-free rates in HSK patients with renal stones treated with flexible ureteroscopy. RIRS was attempted in 20 patients with 25 renal stones in HSK from December 2008 to January 2012. The patients were evaluated with imaging studies including plain abdominal radiography, intravenous urogram, abdominal ultrasonography or non-contrast tomography scan. Success rate was defined as stone-free or residual fragment less than 4 mm. Pre-operative, operative and postoperative data were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 20 patients were included in the present study (12 males, 8 females). 9 of 25 renal stones (36 %) were located in the lower calyx of the kidney, whereas 7 (28 %) in the middle calyx, 5 (20 %) in the renal pelvis and 4 (16 %) in the upper calyx. The mean stone size was 17.8 ± 4.5 mm. The stone-free rate was 70 % after a single procedure. 6 patients required shock wave lithotripsy and two of these were completely stone-free. Average hospital stay was 1.4 ± 0.7 days. Minor complications as classified by Clavien I or II occurred in 25 %. No major complications (Clavien III-V) occurred in the study group. RIRS is an effective and safe treatment modality for renal stones in patients with HSK. The procedure has minimal morbidity and high success rate.
Objective: We aimed to investigate factors related to early postoperative pain after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS).
Material and methods:A prospective data analysis of 250 patients who underwent RIRS due to kidney stones was performed. Postoperative pain was evaluated in all patients by using visual analogue scale (VAS). Patients with severe pain (VAS score ≥7) were separated and included in Group I (n=46). While patients without pain or with insignificant pain were included in Group II (n=204). The impact of patient-related (age, gender, renal anomalies, shock wave lithotripsy history, preoperative hydronephrosis) stone-related (stone number, side, size, location and opacity) and operation-related (preoperative and postoperative ureteral Jstenting, ureteral injury, postoperative bleeding and fever, stone-free rates, size of access sheath, and sheath indwelling time) factors on early stage postoperative pain (if any) were investigated.Results: Female gender increased the risk for pain 3.6-fold (p<0.05). One millimeter increase in stone diameter increased the risk for postoperative pain 1.15-fold. Prolonged sheath time was another important factor which increased the risk for pain (p<0.05). Patients with high residual fragments were also prone to early postoperative pain.
Conclusion:According to our results, patient-, stone-and operation-related factors associated with postoperative pain after RIRS were female gender, stone size and sheath time.
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