-Heterosis and its components were evaluated in a diallel crossing system of sweet corn. In the 38 treatments, eigth parents, 28 hybrids and two controls were used, arranged in a randomized block design with three replications.The diallel analysis followed the methodology of Gardner and Eberhart (1966
A large number of maize genotypes are currently being evaluated to determine the effect of environmental stress caused by the aluminum found in cerrado soils on meiotic behavior. In the present study we report the occurrence of cell fusion followed or not by chromatin degeneration in meiocytes of some plants of an inbred line of maize grown on acid and corrected soil in the Brazilian central plateau. The results suggest the absence of any soil effect on the irregularities observed since the number of affected plants was higher among those grown on corrected soil. The possible causes of these irregularities and their influence on male sterility are discussed.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do stress ambiental causado pelo alto teor de alumínio encontrado nos solos de cerrado sobre o comportamento meiótico, um elevado número de genótipos de milho está sendo avaliado. Neste estudo relata-se a ocorrência de fusão celular, seguida ou não de degeneração cromatínica, em meiócitos de algumas plantas de uma linhagem endogâmica cultivada em solo ácido e corrigido no planalto central Brasileiro. Os resultados não sugerem qualquer efeito do solo sobre as irregularidades observadas, pois o número de plantas afetadas foi maior dentre aquelas cultivadas em solo corrigido. As possíveis causas destas irregularidades e suas influências na produção de macho-esterilidade são discutidas
By definition, the genetic effects obtained from a circulant diallel table are random. However, because of the methods of analysis, those effects have been considered as fixed. Two different statistical approaches were applied. One assumed the model to be fixed and obtained solutions through the ordinary least square (OLS) method. The other assumed a mixed model and estimated the fixed effects (BLUE) by generalized least squares (GLS) and the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of the random effects. The goal of this study was to evaluate the consequences when considering these effects as fixed or random, using the coefficient of correlation between the responses of observed and non-observed hybrids. Crossings were made between S 1 inbred lines from two maize populations developed at Universidade Federal de Goiás, the UFG-Samambaia "Dent" and UFG-Samambaia "Flint". A circulant inter-group design was applied, and there were five (s = 5) crossings for each parent. The predictions were made using a reduced model. Diallels with different sizes of s (from 2 to 5) were simulated, and the coefficients of correlation were obtained using two different approaches for each size of s. In the first approach, the observed hybrids were included in both the estimation of the genetic parameters and the coefficient of correlation, while in the second a cross-validation process was employed. In this process, the set of hybrids was divided in two groups: one group, comprising 75% of the original group, to estimate the genetic parameters, and a second one, consisting of the remaining 25%, to validate the predictions. In all cases, a bootstrap process with 200 resamplings was used to generate the empirical distribution of the correlation coefficient. This coefficient showed a decrease as the value of s decreased. The cross-validation method allowed to estimate the bias magnitude in evaluating the correlation coefficient using the same hybrids, to predict the genetic parameters and the correlation evaluation. The bias was shown to be greater when the OLS method was used. When the correlation coefficients of the observed and estimated hybrid means were obtained through the mixed instead of the fixed model, this decrease was less marked. The selection of hybrids superior to the checks, in terms of grain weight, also differed in the two different approaches. Nineteen percent of the hybrids were shown to be superior to the checks in the fixed models, while only 1.8% of them were superior in the mixed model.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o controle genético do teor de proteína em grãos e de caracteres agronômicos de milho (Zea mays) cultivado com diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Foram avaliados nove genitores de milho e seus híbridos, em dialelo completo, com dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada. Os caracteres avaliados foram: índice relativo de clorofi la, altura de plantas, altura de espigas, produção de espigas, produção de grãos, coloração de grãos, massa de cem grãos, densidade de grãos, teor de nitrogênio nas folhas e teor de proteína nos grãos. A elevação da adubação nitrogenada promoveu aumento nos caracteres índice relativo de clorofi la, altura de espigas e teor de proteínas nos grãos. Apenas a variável produção de grãos apresentou controle genético distinto nos diferentes níveis de nitrogênio. A análise dialélica mostrou signifi cância dos efeitos dos genótipos sobre todos os caracteres, com exceção da produção de espigas e de grãos, e foi possível observar signifi cância da heterose na maioria das variáveis. Para o teor de proteínas nos grãos, não houve signifi cância da capacidade específi ca de combinação, e a capacidade geral de combinação dos genótipos teve efeito mais importante na manifestação desse caráter.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, análise de dialelo, capacidade de combinação, qualidade da proteína. Genetic control of grain protein content and of agronomic traits in maize cultivated at different levels of nitrogen fertilizationAbstract -The objective of this work was to determine the genetic control of grain protein content and of the agronomic traits of corn (Zea mays) at different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Nine parent populations and their hybrids were evaluated in a complete diallel mating design, with two levels of nitrogen fertilization. The variables evaluated were: relative chlorophyll index, plant height, ear height, ear production, grain yield, grain color, mass of 100 grains, density of grains, nitrogen content in the leaves and grain protein content. Increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization increased the relative chlorophyll index, ear height and grain protein content. However, only grain production had distinct genetic control at different levels of nitrogen. Diallel analysis showed signifi cant genotype effect in all traits, except for grain and ear production. For most of the variables, there was signifi cance of heterosis effect. For grain protein content, there was no signifi cance for specifi c combining ability, and genotypes general combining ability had more important effects in the expression of this character.Index terms: Zea mays, diallel analysis, combining ability, protein quality. IntroduçãoO milho é tido como uma das principais culturas do mundo, e sua importância está associada à versatilidade em sua utilização, pois é considerado um alimento energético para dietas humanas e animais, com potencial para ser aproveitado também como fonte proteica (Paes, 2006). No entanto, o melhoramento genético voltado principalmente para o ...
Summary Cytogenetic analysis on two lots of maize genotypes consisting of inbred lines, singlecross hybrids and double-cross hybrids grown in the South and Center West Regions of Brazil revealed the occurrence of spontaneous mixoploidy in the anthers of some plants. In the South Region the anthers showed only diploid and tetraploid cells, with the tetraploid ones presenting nuclear fusion. In the genotypes grown in the Center West Region the anthers showed a mixture of diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octaploid cells. In addition to nuclear fusion, some cells of these genotypes presented just cytoplasm fusion, with the nuclei remaining individualized. The percentage of polyploid cells ranged from 1.0 to 47.6. The probable origin of the phenomenon and its implications in maize breeding are discussed.
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