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UNIVERSITY PRESS χ Ι Contents 2.4 Computational processes that give rise to V1 simple cells 49 2.4.1 Linsker's method: Information maximization 50 2.4.2 Olshausen and Field's method: Sparseness maximization 53 2.5 The computational role of V1 for form processing 2.6 Backprojections to the lateral geniculate nucleus Extrastriate visual areas 57 65 3.4.2 Depth perception The parietal cortex 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Spatial processing in the parietal cortex 4.2.1 Area LIP 71 4.2.2 Area VIP 4.2.3 Area MST 4.2.4 Area 7a 4.3 The neuropsychology of the parietal lobe 4.3.1 Unilateral neglect 4.3.2 Balint's syndrome 77 4.3.3 Gerstmann's syndrome 79 Contents xvii 13.4 Continuous neuronal dynamics allows fast network processing 13.5 Hierarchical feature analysis 13.6 Trace learning rule for invariant representations 13.7 Spatial feature binding by feature combination neurons 13.8 IT provides a representation for later memory networks 13.9 Face expression and object motion 13.10 Attentional mechanisms 13.11 Visual search 13.12 Egocentric vs allocentric representations 13.13 Short term memory as the controller of attention 13.14 Output to object selection and action systems 13.15 'What' versus 'where' processing streams 13.16 Short term memory must be separated from perception 13.17 Backprojections must be weak 13.18 Long-term potentiation and short-term memory 13.19 "Executive control" by the prefrontal cortex 13.20 Reward processing occurs after object identification 13.21 Effects of mood on memory and visual processing 13.22 Visual outputs to Long Term Memory systems 13.23 Episodic memory and the operation of mixed discrete and continuous attractor networks 13.24 Visual outputs to behavioural response systems 13.25 Multimodal representations in different brain areas 13.26 Visuo-spatial scratchpad and change blindness 13.27 Invariant object recognition and attention 13.28 Conscious visual perception 13.29 Attention-future directions 13.30 Integrated approaches to understanding vision 13.31 Apostasis

. Sensory specific satiety in man. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 27(1) [137][138][139][140][141][142] 1981.--To investigate the specificity of satiety in man, subjects (n=32) rated the pleasantness of the taste of eight foods, were then given one of the foods to eat for lunch, and re-rated the pleasantness of the taste of the eight foods 2 and 20 rain after the end of the meal. The pleasantness of the food eaten decreased more than that of the foods not eaten (p<0.001). In a second experiment it was shown that this relative specificity of satiety influenced subsequent food intake. Before a first course, subjects (n =24) rated their liking for the taste of eight foods, were then given one of the foods to eat for lunch, and 2 min after finishing eating re-rated their liking for the taste of the eight foods. Again liking decreased more for the food eaten than for foods not eaten. These changes in liking for the foods eaten and not eaten were highly correlated (p <0.001) with the amounts of those foods eaten in an unexpected second course. Thus in man satiety can be partly specific to foods eaten and this specificity may be an important determinant of the foods selected for consumption. Specificity of satietyTaste Food intake WHILE recording from lateral hypothalamic neurons which responded to the sight and/or taste of food in the alert behaving monkey, E. Rolls and his colleagues observed that the responses of these neurons became attenuated to the sight and/or taste of the food on which the animal was satiated, but continued to respond to other foods which had not been used to produce satiety [2,17,18,19]. It was also observed that the monkeys continued to accept these other foods while rejecting the food on which they had satiated. This finding suggests that satiety may not be completely general, but rather may be at least partly specific to the particular food consumed. This led to the present investigation of satiety and its specificity in man. In relation to satiety in man it has been shown that the pleasantness of the taste or smell of food-related test stimuli was decreased by a 50 g load of glucose which was either swallowed or delivered intragastrically [3,4,6,7]. Cabanac and his colleagues I6,8] showed that the glucose load decreased the pleasantness of sucrose solutions but not of salt solutions, and that eating a meal decreased the pleasantness of food-related odors but not of non-food-related odors. They have argued from these findings that there is modulation of the hedonic responses to food produced by the internal nutritional state which could be important in controlling feeding, and have called the phenomenon "alliesthesia" (literally, changing sensation) [3].On the basis of these findings in the monkey and man, we performed the experiments described here, to investigate whether in man there is a satiety mechanism specific for foods eaten. In Experiment 1, the possibility that the pleasantness of the taste of food might decline more for a food eaten than for other foods not eaten was investigated. It was found ...